Nursing Elites

1. How can the concept of Integrated Reproductive Health be strengthened?

• A. Through advocacy and IEC
• B. Through community participation
• C. Through radio messages
• D. Through family planning

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Through advocacy and IEC. Advocacy and Information, Education, Communication (IEC) campaigns are crucial in strengthening the concept of Integrated Reproductive Health. These efforts help raise awareness, educate the community, and promote positive health behaviors. Choice B, community participation, though important, is not as direct in strengthening the concept as advocacy and IEC. Choice C, radio messages, can be a part of IEC campaigns but alone may not be as effective in strengthening the concept. Choice D, family planning, is a component of Integrated Reproductive Health but is not the most comprehensive approach to strengthening the concept.

2. Mrs. Banda is a patient at the ward with complaints of light menstrual periods, which occur at intervals greater than 35 days. Your diagnosis will be:

• A. Oligomenorrhea
• B. Menorrhagia
• C. Metrorrhagia
• D. Polymenorrhea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct diagnosis for Mrs. Banda's condition is Oligomenorrhea. Oligomenorrhea is characterized by light menstrual periods occurring at intervals longer than 35 days. Choice B, Menorrhagia, refers to abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding. Choice C, Metrorrhagia, is bleeding at irregular intervals, and Choice D, Polymenorrhea, involves menstrual cycles occurring at intervals shorter than 21 days.

3. This is a way of grouping clients according to their reproductive needs during a counseling session, in order to meet each individual client's specific needs:

• A. Gather method
• B. Profiling
• C. Confidentiality
• D. One-to-one counseling

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Profiling is the correct answer. Profiling involves categorizing clients based on their reproductive needs during counseling to tailor the support to each client's unique requirements. Choice A, 'Gather method,' is not a recognized term in this context. Choice C, 'Confidentiality,' is important but does not relate directly to grouping clients based on reproductive needs. Choice D, 'One-to-one counseling,' refers to individual sessions and does not specifically address the grouping of clients based on their reproductive needs.

4. What type of epithelium lines the vagina?

• A. Ciliated epithelium.
• B. Squamous epithelium.
• C. Columnar epithelium.
• D. Transitional epithelium.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Squamous epithelium. The vagina is lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. This type of epithelium provides protection against abrasion and pathogens. Choice A, Ciliated epithelium, is incorrect as ciliated epithelium is found in areas like the fallopian tubes to help move the egg towards the uterus. Choice C, Columnar epithelium, is incorrect as columnar epithelium is typically found in areas like the intestines. Choice D, Transitional epithelium, is incorrect as this type of epithelium is found in areas like the urinary bladder.

5. Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Haematological system

• A. Blood volume and plasma volume increase, red blood cells increase, erythropoietin levels decrease, and leukocyte count increases.
• B. Blood volume and plasma volume decrease, and red blood cells decrease.
• C. No changes occur in the haematological system during pregnancy.
• D. Platelet count remains constant, and no change in coagulation factors.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the haematological system undergoes changes to support the growing fetus. Blood volume and plasma volume increase to accommodate the needs of the developing baby. Red blood cells increase to support the increased oxygen demand. Contrary to the statement, erythropoietin levels actually increase to stimulate red blood cell production. Additionally, leukocyte count increases to help the mother's immune system cope with the changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as it describes a decrease in blood components, which is not the case in pregnancy. Choice C is incorrect as there are significant changes in the haematological system during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as platelet count can fluctuate during pregnancy, and there are changes in coagulation factors to prevent excessive bleeding.

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