Nursing Elites

1. Septic abortion is characterized by:

• A. Backache.
• B. Os open.
• C. Heavy bleeding.
• D. Maternal pyrexia.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Septic abortion is characterized by maternal pyrexia. Maternal pyrexia, or fever, is a hallmark sign of septic abortion due to infection. Backache and heavy bleeding can be present in abortion but are not specific to septic abortion. 'Os open' does not directly characterize septic abortion.

2. At 34-40 weeks of pregnancy, the breast changes include:

• A. Nipples become prominent and mobile.
• B. Colostrum can be expressed.
• C. Breasts become tender.
• D. Montgomery's tubercles are prominent.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During the 34-40 weeks of pregnancy, Montgomery's tubercles become prominent. These are sebaceous glands on the areola, not the nipples. Choice A is incorrect as it describes the changes in nipples, not Montgomery's tubercles. Choice B is incorrect as colostrum production usually starts around the 16th week. Choice C is incorrect as breast tenderness is more common in early pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

3. The endometrium is shed up to the basal layer during this phase of the menstrual cycle:

• A. Ovulation
• B. Regenerative
• C. Secretory
• D. Menstruation

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. During the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is shed up to the basal layer. This shedding occurs as a result of decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone, leading to the breakdown and subsequent shedding of the endometrial lining. Choice A, ovulation, is incorrect as ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary, which occurs during the mid-cycle. Choice B, regenerative, is incorrect as it does not specifically refer to the phase where the shedding of the endometrium occurs. Choice C, secretory, is incorrect as it refers to the phase where the endometrium thickens in preparation for possible implantation of a fertilized egg, not shedding.

4. At what point is a fetus considered viable?

• A. 26 weeks
• B. 28 weeks
• C. 37 weeks
• D. 12 weeks

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A fetus is considered viable after 37 weeks of gestation. At this stage, the fetus has a higher chance of surviving outside the womb with medical support. Choice A (26 weeks), Choice B (28 weeks), and Choice D (12 weeks) are incorrect because a fetus is not typically considered viable at those earlier gestational ages.

5. Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Haematological system

• A. Blood volume and plasma volume increase, red blood cells increase, erythropoietin levels decrease, and leukocyte count increases.
• B. Blood volume and plasma volume decrease, and red blood cells decrease.
• C. No changes occur in the haematological system during pregnancy.
• D. Platelet count remains constant, and no change in coagulation factors.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the haematological system undergoes changes to support the growing fetus. Blood volume and plasma volume increase to accommodate the needs of the developing baby. Red blood cells increase to support the increased oxygen demand. Contrary to the statement, erythropoietin levels actually increase to stimulate red blood cell production. Additionally, leukocyte count increases to help the mother's immune system cope with the changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as it describes a decrease in blood components, which is not the case in pregnancy. Choice C is incorrect as there are significant changes in the haematological system during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as platelet count can fluctuate during pregnancy, and there are changes in coagulation factors to prevent excessive bleeding.

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