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1. A client with diabetes insipidus is receiving desmopressin therapy. The nurse should monitor for which of the following potential side effects?
- A. Hyponatremia
- B. Hypernatremia
- C. Hypokalemia
- D. Hypercalcemia
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyponatremia. Desmopressin, a medication used to treat diabetes insipidus, can cause the retention of water without sodium, leading to dilutional hyponatremia. This occurs because desmopressin increases water reabsorption in the kidneys without affecting sodium levels. Hypernatremia (choice B) is unlikely because desmopressin does not cause excessive sodium retention. Hypokalemia (choice C) and hypercalcemia (choice D) are not typically associated with desmopressin therapy for diabetes insipidus.
2. In a patient with diabetes, which of the following is a sign of hypoglycemia?
- A. Polydipsia
- B. Polyuria
- C. Dry skin
- D. Sweating
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Sweating is a common sign of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes. When blood sugar levels drop too low, the body releases stress hormones like adrenaline, leading to symptoms such as sweating, shakiness, and palpitations. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyuria (excessive urination) are more commonly associated with hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) in diabetes. Dry skin is not a typical symptom of hypoglycemia.
3. When caring for a 4-year-old child diagnosed with celiac disease, the parent asks about foods to avoid. Which response by the nurse is correct?
- A. Avoid all dairy products
- B. Avoid foods containing wheat, barley, and rye
- C. Avoid all foods high in sugar
- D. Avoid foods with artificial coloring
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Celiac disease is managed with a strict gluten-free diet, necessitating the avoidance of foods containing wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten is found in these grains and can trigger an immune response in individuals with celiac disease, leading to damage to the small intestine. Therefore, it is essential for individuals with celiac disease, including children, to carefully avoid gluten-containing foods to maintain their health and well-being.
4. Which of the following is a primary intervention for a patient with sepsis?
- A. Administering antibiotics
- B. Administering IV fluids
- C. Administering antipyretics
- D. Monitoring blood cultures
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Monitoring blood cultures is a primary intervention for a patient with sepsis because it helps identify the causative organism, which is crucial in guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy. Administering antibiotics (Choice A) is important in treating sepsis but is considered a secondary intervention. Administering IV fluids (Choice B) is also crucial for sepsis management to restore perfusion and hemodynamic stability. Administering antipyretics (Choice C) may help reduce fever, but it is not a primary intervention for managing sepsis.
5. When conducting discharge teaching for a client diagnosed with diverticulitis, which diet instruction should the nurse include?
- A. Have small, frequent meals and sit up for at least two hours after meals
- B. Eat a bland diet and avoid spicy foods
- C. Eat a high-fiber diet and increase fluid intake
- D. Eat a soft diet with increased intake of milk and milk products
Correct answer: C
Rationale: For a client diagnosed with diverticulitis, the nurse should instruct them to eat a high-fiber diet and increase fluid intake. This diet helps in managing diverticulitis by promoting bowel regularity and preventing complications such as diverticular inflammation or infection. Choice A of having small, frequent meals and sitting up for at least two hours after meals may be beneficial for gastroesophageal reflux disease but is not specific to diverticulitis. Choice B of eating a bland diet and avoiding spicy foods is not the preferred recommendation for diverticulitis management. Choice D of eating a soft diet with increased intake of milk and milk products may not provide enough fiber to aid in diverticulitis management, and the increased intake of dairy products may worsen symptoms in some individuals.
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