Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary method of asexual reproduction used by most bacteria?

• A. Meiosis
• B. Mitosis
• C. Binary fission
• D. Interphase

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Binary fission. This is the main process through which most bacteria reproduce asexually. During binary fission, a single cell divides into two identical cells, each containing a copy of the genetic material. Choices A and B, meiosis and mitosis, are processes involved in sexual reproduction and are not used by bacteria for asexual reproduction. Choice D, interphase, is a stage of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division and is not a method of reproduction.

2. What is the composition of the cellular membrane?

• A. A bilayer of phospholipid molecules
• B. A single layer of phospholipid molecules
• C. Proteins that act as transport highways
• D. Carbohydrates

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The cellular membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules. These molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail, creating a barrier that separates the internal cellular environment from the external surroundings. While proteins are embedded within this bilayer and act as transport channels, receptors, and structural support, carbohydrates are found on the outer surface of the membrane for cell recognition and signaling purposes. Therefore, the correct answer is a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.

3. Which of the following statements is true if a molecule exhibits adhesion?

• A. Two molecules of the same substance have the ability to stay bonded to one another
• B. The molecule has the ability to bond to or attract other molecules
• C. A molecule has the ability to increase its heat when necessary
• D. The molecule has the ability to form hydrogen bonds

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct statement is that if a molecule exhibits adhesion, it has the ability to bond to or attract other molecules. Adhesion refers to the ability of a molecule to bind to or attract different types of molecules. Choice A is incorrect because adhesion is about bonding to different molecules, not the same substance. Choice C is incorrect as adhesion does not relate to the ability of a molecule to increase its heat. Choice D is incorrect because forming hydrogen bonds is a specific type of interaction and not a general characteristic of molecules exhibiting adhesion.

4. What is considered the main objective of the translation stage of protein synthesis?

• A. To produce amino acids
• B. To produce nucleotides
• C. To produce fatty acids
• D. To produce nucleic acids

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: To produce amino acids. During the translation stage of protein synthesis, the mRNA is decoded to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids. These amino acids then fold into a functional protein. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the translation stage specifically deals with the production of amino acids, not nucleotides, fatty acids, or nucleic acids.

5. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert all except which of the following into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds?

• A. Minerals
• B. Water
• C. Carbon dioxide
• D. Metals

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is utilized to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. Minerals play a role in plant growth but are not directly converted during photosynthesis. Metals are not part of the photosynthesis process, making them the correct answer. Therefore, the correct choice is D. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as minerals, water, and carbon dioxide are involved in the photosynthesis process.

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