Nursing Elites

1. What is the preferred fuel for the cells lining the colon?

• A. Short-chain fatty acids.
• B. Long-chain fatty acids.
• C. Amino acids.
• D. Glucose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Short-chain fatty acids are the preferred fuel for the cells lining the colon. They provide energy and support gut health by serving as a fuel source for these cells. Long-chain fatty acids are not the preferred fuel for colon cells as they are harder to digest and absorb in this part of the digestive system. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and not the primary energy source for colon cells. Glucose is the main energy source for most cells in the body, but colon cells prefer short-chain fatty acids.

2. What is the recommended dietary intake of protein for adults?

• A. 0.5 g/kg.
• B. 0.8 g/kg.
• C. 1.0 g/kg.
• D. 1.5 g/kg.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recommended dietary intake of protein for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. This amount is considered adequate for most healthy adults. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the generally recommended protein intake for adults.

3. Which type of carbohydrate helps maintain normal blood glucose levels during fasting periods?

• A. Glucose
• B. Galactose
• C. Dextrins
• D. Glycogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is glycogen. Glycogen is a type of carbohydrate stored in the body that is broken down into glucose to help maintain blood glucose levels during fasting periods. Glucose (choice A) is the simplest form of sugar and is a product of carbohydrate digestion, not the stored form like glycogen. Galactose (choice B) is a monosaccharide found in dairy products. Dextrins (choice C) are intermediate products of starch digestion and not directly involved in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting.

4. At what pH does the digestion of protein by pepsin in the stomach require?

• A. 1.8 and 3.5.
• B. 4.8 and 7.0.
• C. 6.8 and 8.5.
• D. 7.8 and 10.0.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1.8 and 3.5. Pepsin, an enzyme involved in protein digestion, functions optimally in an acidic environment, specifically between pH 1.8 and 3.5. This low pH is necessary for pepsin to break down proteins effectively. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because pepsin requires a highly acidic environment, ruling out the pH ranges listed in those options.

5. Signs of malnutrition can appear when:

• A. nutrient reserves are depleted.
• B. nutrient intake exceeds daily needs.
• C. energy intake is restricted.
• D. caloric expenditure increases.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'nutrient reserves are depleted.' Signs of malnutrition manifest when the body's reserves of essential nutrients are exhausted and can no longer sustain health. Choice B is incorrect because excessive nutrient intake exceeding daily needs does not lead to malnutrition but may cause other health issues. Choice C is incorrect as restricting energy intake may lead to weight loss but not necessarily malnutrition. Choice D is also incorrect as increasing caloric expenditure does not directly cause malnutrition.

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