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Nutrition For PN Nursing ATI
1. Which component of fat can be used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis?
- A. Glycogen
- B. Fatty acids
- C. Glycerol
- D. Monoglyceride
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Glycerol.' Glycerol, a component of fat, can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glycogen (Choice A) is a polysaccharide stored in animals, not a component of fat. Fatty acids (Choice B) are used primarily for energy production through beta-oxidation, not for gluconeogenesis. Monoglyceride (Choice D) is a molecule formed during fat digestion, but it is not the component of fat that can be used to make glucose.
2. What is the term for the action of biting, chewing, and breaking up ingested food into smaller particles?
- A. Peristalsis.
- B. Segmentation.
- C. Metabolism.
- D. Mastication.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Mastication.' Mastication is the mechanical process of chewing that breaks down food into smaller particles. Peristalsis (choice A) is the involuntary constriction and relaxation of muscles in the gastrointestinal tract that moves food along. Segmentation (choice B) is the mixing movement of the digestive system that helps to break down food and mix it with digestive juices. Metabolism (choice C) refers to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
3. The lining of the stomach and intestine is protected from self-digestion by:
- A. pepsinogen.
- B. bile.
- C. mucus.
- D. fat.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucus. Mucus forms a protective barrier that prevents the stomach and intestine from digesting themselves. Pepsinogen (choice A) is an inactive form of pepsin, a digestive enzyme, and does not protect the stomach lining. Bile (choice B) aids in the digestion and absorption of fats but does not protect the stomach lining. Fat (choice D) is a nutrient and energy source; it does not play a role in protecting the stomach and intestine from self-digestion.
4. What is the cause of gas formation in the colon?
- A. Consuming refined foods.
- B. Drinking excess water.
- C. Swallowing air while eating.
- D. Bacterial action on organic compounds.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Gas formation in the colon is primarily due to bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates. Choice A, consuming refined foods, is incorrect as gas formation is not directly linked to refined foods but rather undigested carbohydrates. Choice B, drinking excess water, is incorrect as water consumption does not lead to gas formation in the colon. Choice C, swallowing air while eating, is incorrect as this may cause belching but not gas formation in the colon. The correct answer is D because bacterial action on organic compounds, specifically undigested carbohydrates, leads to gas production in the colon.
5. What is the main constituent of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?
- A. potassium
- B. sodium
- C. water
- D. calcium
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: water. Water is the main component of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including transporting nutrients, regulating body temperature, and maintaining cell structure. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while potassium, sodium, and calcium are essential electrolytes found in the body, they are not the main constituents of these fluids as water is.
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