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Nutrition For PN Nursing ATI
1. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced in the:
- A. duodenum.
- B. stomach.
- C. pancreas.
- D. liver.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced in the duodenum, not the stomach, pancreas, or liver. It is released in response to the presence of food in the duodenum, where it plays a crucial role in regulating digestive processes by stimulating the release of bile from the gallbladder and enzymes from the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is the duodenum (Choice A). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because CCK is not produced in the stomach, pancreas, or liver.
2. What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose called?
- A. Glucogenesis.
- B. Glycogenolysis.
- C. Glyconeogenesis.
- D. Gluconeogenesis.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycogenolysis. Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Glucogenesis (choice A) is not a term used in biochemistry. Glyconeogenesis (choice C) refers to the synthesis of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen. Gluconeogenesis (choice D) is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen.
3. What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from the available amino acids?
- A. Gluconeogenesis.
- B. Deamination.
- C. Protein synthesis.
- D. Transamination.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein synthesis. This process involves the formation of proteins from amino acids to support various body functions. Gluconeogenesis (choice A) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not protein synthesis. Deamination (choice B) is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid, not the synthesis of proteins. Transamination (choice D) is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, not the direct synthesis of proteins.
4. The valve that controls the passage of chyme from the small intestine into the cecum is called the:
- A. ileocecal valve.
- B. pyloric valve.
- C. cardiac valve.
- D. hepatic valve.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ileocecal valve. The ileocecal valve is located between the small intestine and the cecum, controlling the passage of chyme. The pyloric valve (choice B) is located between the stomach and the small intestine, regulating the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The cardiac valve (choice C) refers to the valve between the esophagus and the stomach. The hepatic valve (choice D) is not a correct term related to the passage of chyme from the small intestine into the cecum.
5. What is the term for the production of glucose from protein, lactate, or glycerol?
- A. glycolysis
- B. gluconeogenesis
- C. glycogenolysis
- D. glucogenesis
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Gluconeogenesis is the correct term for the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein, lactate, or glycerol. Choice A, glycolysis, is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Choice C, glycogenolysis, is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Choice D, glucogenesis, is not a recognized term in biochemistry.
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