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ATI Pediatrics Proctored Exam 2023 with NGN
1. Which of the following are clinical types of diarrhoea EXCEPT?
- A. Acute watery
- B. Bloody diarrhoea
- C. Persistent diarrhoea
- D. Secretory diarrhoea
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Secretory diarrhoea is not a clinical type but a distinct mechanism of diarrhoea characterized by increased electrolyte secretion. Acute watery, bloody, and persistent diarrhoea are recognized clinical types associated with different underlying causes and pathophysiologies. Acute watery diarrhoea is common in infectious gastroenteritis, bloody diarrhoea can be caused by inflammatory conditions or infections, and persistent diarrhoea typically lasts for more than 14 days due to various reasons like infections, malabsorption, or inflammatory bowel diseases.
2. Which of the following is NOT an infectious cause of diarrheal diseases?
- A. Allergy
- B. Bacterial
- C. Parasitic
- D. Viral
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Allergy is the correct answer as it is a non-infectious cause of diarrheal diseases. While bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections can lead to diarrhea by affecting the gastrointestinal tract, allergies are immune system reactions triggered by specific substances and are not caused by infectious agents. Bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections are known to cause infectious diarrhea, making choices B, C, and D incorrect.
3. Which of the following drinks is recommended for reconstituting oral rehydration salts?
- A. Water
- B. Fruit juice
- C. Soda
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Water. Water is the ideal fluid to reconstitute oral rehydration salts because it helps in proper hydration without adding unnecessary sugars or acidity that may be present in fruit juice or soda. Using water ensures the salts are properly dissolved and can effectively rehydrate the individual. Choices B and C are incorrect because fruit juice and soda may contain sugars or acidity that can interfere with the rehydration process and are not recommended for reconstituting oral rehydration salts.
4. The healthcare provider is assessing a newborn who is 2 hours old. Which finding requires immediate intervention?
- A. Acrocyanosis
- B. Respiratory rate of 60 breaths per minute
- C. Grunting with nasal flaring
- D. Heart rate of 140 beats per minute
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Grunting with nasal flaring is a concerning sign of respiratory distress in a newborn that can indicate inadequate oxygenation. This finding requires immediate intervention to ensure the newborn's respiratory status is stabilized and to prevent further complications. Prompt assessment and appropriate intervention are crucial in such cases to prevent respiratory compromise and potential deterioration. Acrocyanosis, which is bluish discoloration of the extremities, is a common finding in newborns and usually resolves on its own. A respiratory rate of 60 breaths per minute and a heart rate of 140 beats per minute are within normal ranges for a newborn and do not indicate immediate intervention is needed.
5. The student nurse has performed a gestational age assessment of an infant and finds the infant to be at 32 weeks. On which set of characteristics is the nurse basing this assessment?
- A. Lanugo mostly gone, little vernix remaining on the body
- B. Prominent clitoris, enlarging labia minora, patent anus
- C. Full areola, 5 to 10 mm nipple bud, pinkish-brown areola
- D. Skin opaque, cracking at wrists and ankles, no visible vessels
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. At 30 to 32 weeks' gestation, the clitoris is prominent, and the labia minora are enlarging. The labia majora are small and widely separated. As gestational age increases, the labia majora increase in size. At 36 to 40 weeks, they almost cover the clitoris. At 40 weeks and beyond, the labia majora cover the labia minora and clitoris. Choices A, C, and D do not align with the characteristic features seen at 32 weeks of gestation, making them incorrect.
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