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ATI Nutrition Proctored Exam 2019 Answers
1. The type of protein-energy malnutrition that results in edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver is:
- A. cachexia.
- B. marasmus.
- C. kwashiorkor.
- D. sarcopenia.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Edema is a key feature of kwashiorkor due to hypoalbuminemia, which leads to decreased oncotic pressure. Marasmus (choice B) is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency without significant protein deficiency, resulting in severe wasting. Cachexia (choice A) is a syndrome characterized by weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. Sarcopenia (choice D) is the age-related loss of muscle mass and function.
2. Which lipoprotein increases the risk of cardiovascular disease?
- A. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- B. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- C. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
- D. Chylomicrons
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is often referred to as 'bad cholesterol' because it can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered 'good cholesterol' as it helps remove LDL from the arteries, reducing the risk of cardiovascular issues. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons are also lipoproteins that transport fats in the bloodstream, but they are not as strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease as LDL.
3. Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile?
- A. gastric lipase
- B. cholecystokinin
- C. vitamin D
- D. enterokinin
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the correct answer. It is the hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile to aid in fat digestion. Gastric lipase (Choice A) is an enzyme that breaks down fats in the stomach, not a hormone involved in gallbladder function. Vitamin D (Choice C) is important for calcium absorption and bone health, but it is not directly related to gallbladder function. Enterokinin (Choice D) is a peptide hormone that affects smooth muscle contractions in the gastrointestinal tract, but it is not specifically responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to release bile.
4. A vegetarian diet that includes dairy foods and eggs is known as:
- A. lactovegetarian.
- B. vegan.
- C. semi-vegetarian.
- D. ovolactovegetarian.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct term for a vegetarian diet that includes both dairy foods and eggs is 'ovolactovegetarian.' This term specifically indicates the inclusion of eggs ('ovo') and dairy ('lacto') in the diet. Choice A, 'lactovegetarian,' is incorrect because it only includes dairy products without eggs. Choice B, 'vegan,' is incorrect as it excludes all animal products, including dairy and eggs. Choice C, 'semi-vegetarian,' is incorrect as it is a term used for individuals who occasionally eat meat, poultry, or fish but primarily follow a plant-based diet.
5. How is the enzyme trypsin activated?
- A. By zymogen.
- B. By bile.
- C. By gastrin.
- D. By enterokinase.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: By enterokinase. Trypsin is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme secreted by the small intestine. Enterokinase plays a crucial role in converting trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because trypsin is specifically activated by enterokinase, not by zymogen, bile, or gastrin.
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