Nursing Elites

1. Which phase of metabolism makes growth and repair possible?

• A. digestion
• B. catabolism
• C. anabolism
• D. ketosis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Anabolism is the phase of metabolism responsible for building up and repairing tissues in the body. It involves processes that require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. Digestion (choice A) is the process of breaking down food into simpler substances for absorption. Catabolism (choice B) involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones with the release of energy. Ketosis (choice D) is a metabolic state where the body uses fat as the primary source of energy, which is not directly related to growth and repair.

2. The interrelated network of nerves within the gastrointestinal wall that regulates its muscular action is known as the:

• A. gastric nerve plexus.
• B. biliary nerve plexus.
• C. intramural nerve plexus.
• D. intestinal nerve plexus.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C - intramural nerve plexus. This network of nerves regulates the muscular movements within the gastrointestinal wall. The gastric nerve plexus (choice A) specifically relates to the stomach, not the entire gastrointestinal tract. The biliary nerve plexus (choice B) is associated with the bile ducts and gallbladder, not the regulation of muscular action. The intestinal nerve plexus (choice D) is a general term that doesn't specifically refer to the network of nerves within the gastrointestinal wall.

3. A characteristic of saturated fats is that they are:

• A. mostly found in animal products.
• B. solid at room temperature.
• C. composed of many double bonds.
• D. found primarily in vegetable products.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'mostly found in animal products.' Saturated fats are primarily found in animal products such as meat, dairy, and eggs. They are typically solid at room temperature. Choice B is incorrect because saturated fats are solid at room temperature, not liquid. Choice C is incorrect because saturated fats do not have double bonds; they have single bonds between carbon atoms. Choice D is incorrect because saturated fats are mainly found in animal products, not vegetable products.

4. The end products of digestion of macronutrients include fatty acids, amino acids, and:

• A. monosaccharides.
• B. polysaccharides.
• C. enzymes.
• D. cholesterol.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: monosaccharides. When macronutrients like carbohydrates are digested, they are broken down into simpler forms. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids. Therefore, the end products of carbohydrate digestion are monosaccharides. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because polysaccharides are larger carbohydrate molecules, enzymes are not the end products of digestion but rather aid in the process, and cholesterol is not a direct end product of macronutrient digestion.

5. Pepsinogen secreted by the gastric cells is converted into pepsin by:

• A. enterokinase
• B. hydrochloric acid
• C. gastric lipase
• D. pancreatic lipase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pepsinogen is converted into its active form, pepsin, by hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps in unfolding the pepsinogen molecule to transform it into pepsin, which is crucial for protein digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrochloric acid (choice B). Enterokinase (choice A) is an enzyme produced in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen into trypsin, not pepsinogen. Gastric lipase (choice C) is an enzyme that digests fats, not involved in converting pepsinogen to pepsin. Pancreatic lipase (choice D) is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that aids in breaking down fats in the small intestine, not part of the process of pepsin activation.

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