HESI RN
Leadership and Management HESI
1. Knowing that gluconeogenesis helps to maintain blood glucose levels, a healthcare provider should:
- A. Document weight changes due to fatty acid mobilization.
- B. Evaluate the patient's sensitivity to low room temperatures due to decreased adipose tissue insulation.
- C. Protect the patient from sources of infection due to decreased cellular protein deposits.
- D. Do all of the above.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Gluconeogenesis is a process where the body synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources to maintain blood glucose levels. Documenting weight changes due to fatty acid mobilization is important as it can impact the patient's metabolic status. Evaluating the patient's sensitivity to low room temperatures because of decreased adipose tissue insulation is crucial to prevent hypothermia. Protecting the patient from sources of infection due to decreased cellular protein deposits is essential to prevent complications. Therefore, all the options are relevant considerations in managing a patient undergoing gluconeogenesis, making option D the correct answer.
2. A client is taking NPH insulin daily every morning. The nurse instructs the client that the most likely time for a hypoglycemic reaction to occur is:
- A. 2-4 hours after administration
- B. 6-14 hours after administration
- C. 16-18 hours after administration
- D. 18-24 hours after administration
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 6-14 hours after administration. NPH insulin has an onset of action within 1-2 hours, a peak action at 6-14 hours, and a duration of action of 16-24 hours. The peak action period, which is when the risk of hypoglycemia is highest, falls between 6-14 hours after administration. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the typical action profile of NPH insulin.
3. How often should rotation sites for insulin injection be separated from one another?
- A. Every third day.
- B. Every week.
- C. Every 2-3 weeks.
- D. Every 2-4 weeks.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Insulin injection sites should be rotated every 2-3 weeks to prevent lipodystrophy and ensure proper insulin absorption. Option A ('Every third day') is too frequent and does not allow enough time for the previous site to heal properly. Option B ('Every week') might not provide adequate time for the tissue to recover. Option D ('Every 2-4 weeks') could potentially lead to overuse of a single injection site, increasing the risk of lipodystrophy and inconsistent insulin absorption. Therefore, the recommended interval of every 2-3 weeks is optimal for insulin injection site rotation.
4. The nurse is caring for a client with congestive heart failure. On assessment, the nurse notes that the client is dyspneic and that crackles are audible on auscultation. The nurse suspects excess fluid volume. What additional signs would the nurse expect to note in this client if excess fluid volume is present?
- A. Weight loss
- B. Flat neck and hand veins
- C. An increase in blood pressure
- D. A decreased central venous pressure (CVP)
Correct answer: C
Rationale: An increase in blood pressure is a common sign of fluid volume excess in clients with congestive heart failure due to the increased amount of fluid in the vascular system. Weight loss (Choice A) is not typically associated with fluid volume excess. Flat neck and hand veins (Choice B) are signs of fluid volume deficit, not excess. A decreased central venous pressure (CVP) (Choice D) is not expected in a client with fluid volume excess.
5. A client with type 2 diabetes mellitus is being educated on foot care. Which of the following instructions should the nurse provide?
- A. Soak your feet in warm water daily.
- B. Avoid going barefoot to protect your feet.
- C. Inspect your feet daily for any cuts or sores.
- D. Avoid using a heating pad to warm your feet if they are cold.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct instruction for a client with type 2 diabetes mellitus regarding foot care is to inspect their feet daily for any cuts or sores. This practice helps in early detection of potential issues like cuts, sores, or infections, which can be challenging to heal due to poor circulation in diabetes. Choice A is incorrect because soaking feet in hot water can lead to burns or skin damage, especially for individuals with diabetes who may have reduced sensation. Choice B is incorrect because going barefoot increases the risk of injuries and infections for individuals with diabetes. Choice D is incorrect because using a heating pad can also impair sensation, increasing the risk of burns or injuries for diabetic individuals.
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