Nursing Elites

1. In Primary Health care, the concept of accessibility requires that:

• A. Patients should be required to accept one service in order to gain access to another type of service.
• B. A referral network, including transportation, to higher-level facilities should be coupled to PHC services.
• C. Patients' access to services should be contingent on social or cultural backgrounds, age, and marital status.
• D. Patients' access to services should be based on one's educational status.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In Primary Health care, accessibility entails having a referral network and transportation system in place to link patients to higher-level facilities when needed. Choice A is incorrect because patients should not be required to accept one service to access another. Choice C is incorrect as access to services should not be contingent on social or cultural backgrounds, age, or marital status. Choice D is also incorrect because educational status should not determine patients' access to healthcare services.

2. What is a characteristic of threatening abortion?

• A. Os open.
• B. Firm contracted uterus.
• C. Heavy bleeding.
• D. Severe cramping.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Threatening abortion is characterized by a firm contracted uterus with an open os. This presentation indicates a risk of miscarriage. Choice A ('Os open') is not specific enough and does not fully describe the condition. Choices C ('Heavy bleeding') and D ('Severe cramping') can also be present in threatening abortion, but the primary characteristic is a firm contracted uterus with an open os.

3. Expanded access to family planning is facilitated by the use of:

• A. The private sector and social marketing
• B. Community-based programs
• C. Information, Education, and Communication
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Expanded access to family planning is achieved through various means, including utilizing the private sector, employing social marketing strategies, implementing community-based programs, and emphasizing Information, Education, and Communication initiatives. Each of the options plays a crucial role in enhancing access to family planning services. Therefore, the correct answer is 'All of the above.' Option A focuses on involving the private sector and social marketing, which are essential components. Option B emphasizes community-based programs, which are another key aspect. Option C highlights the significance of Information, Education, and Communication in promoting family planning. As all these strategies are integral to expanding access to family planning, the most comprehensive answer is 'All of the above.'

4. To ensure the provision of appropriate services for overcoming infertility barriers to the achievement of reproductive intentions, Integrated Reproductive Health has incorporated a component of:

• A. Infertility
• B. Safe abortions
• C. STIs and HIV
• D. Family Planning

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Infertility. Integrated Reproductive Health incorporates a component focused on infertility to address barriers to achieving reproductive intentions. This inclusion is crucial as infertility can be a significant obstacle to reproductive health. Choice B, safe abortions, is incorrect as it is not directly related to overcoming infertility barriers. Choice C, STIs and HIV, while important for reproductive health, is not specifically addressing infertility. Choice D, family planning, although relevant for reproductive health, is not the primary focus when addressing infertility barriers.

5. Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Haematological system

• A. Blood volume and plasma volume increase, red blood cells increase, erythropoietin levels decrease, and leukocyte count increases.
• B. Blood volume and plasma volume decrease, and red blood cells decrease.
• C. No changes occur in the haematological system during pregnancy.
• D. Platelet count remains constant, and no change in coagulation factors.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the haematological system undergoes changes to support the growing fetus. Blood volume and plasma volume increase to accommodate the needs of the developing baby. Red blood cells increase to support the increased oxygen demand. Contrary to the statement, erythropoietin levels actually increase to stimulate red blood cell production. Additionally, leukocyte count increases to help the mother's immune system cope with the changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as it describes a decrease in blood components, which is not the case in pregnancy. Choice C is incorrect as there are significant changes in the haematological system during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as platelet count can fluctuate during pregnancy, and there are changes in coagulation factors to prevent excessive bleeding.

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