Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the production of glucose from protein, lactate, or glycerol?

• A. glycolysis
• B. gluconeogenesis
• C. glycogenolysis
• D. glucogenesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis is the correct term for the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein, lactate, or glycerol. Choice A, glycolysis, is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Choice C, glycogenolysis, is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Choice D, glucogenesis, is not a recognized term in biochemistry.

2. During the process of deamination, the nitrogen portion of amino acids is converted to:

• A. ammonia.
• B. protein.
• C. purines.
• D. glycogen.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During the process of deamination, the nitrogen portion of amino acids is converted to ammonia. This occurs in the liver as part of the process to remove excess nitrogen from the body. Choice B, 'protein,' is incorrect as deamination breaks down amino acids rather than synthesizing proteins. Choice C, 'purines,' is incorrect as purines are a type of nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, not a product of deamination. Choice D, 'glycogen,' is incorrect as glycogen is a storage form of glucose and not a product of amino acid deamination.

3. Which tissue has the highest rate of protein turnover?

• A. Skin
• B. Intestinal mucosa
• C. Muscle
• D. Adipose tissue

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Intestinal mucosa. The intestinal mucosa has the highest rate of protein turnover due to its rapid cell renewal. The skin, muscle, and adipose tissue do not exhibit protein turnover rates as high as the intestinal mucosa. Skin cells turnover relatively slower compared to the rapid renewal of intestinal mucosa cells. Muscles have a moderate rate of protein turnover, while adipose tissue has a lower turnover rate compared to the other tissues mentioned.

4. Which of the following are considered micronutrients?

• A. Fats.
• B. Proteins.
• C. Vitamins.
• D. Carbohydrates.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Micronutrients are essential nutrients needed by the body in small quantities to support various bodily functions. Vitamins fall under this category as they play crucial roles in metabolism, immune function, and overall health. While fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are essential macronutrients required in larger amounts for energy and growth, they are not classified as micronutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

5. What substance activates pepsinogen to pepsin?

• A. Bile
• B. Gastrin
• C. Secretin
• D. Hydrochloric acid

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach plays a crucial role in converting pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin, which is necessary for digesting proteins. Bile (Choice A) is involved in the emulsification of fats, not in the activation of pepsinogen. Gastrin (Choice B) is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid but does not directly activate pepsinogen. Secretin (Choice C) is a hormone that regulates the pH of the duodenum but is not responsible for the activation of pepsinogen.

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