Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the production of glucose from protein, lactate, or glycerol?

• A. glycolysis
• B. gluconeogenesis
• C. glycogenolysis
• D. glucogenesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis is the correct term for the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein, lactate, or glycerol. Choice A, glycolysis, is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Choice C, glycogenolysis, is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Choice D, glucogenesis, is not a recognized term in biochemistry.

2. Why are diets that contain less than 10% of kcalories as fat not recommended?

• A. Intake of carbohydrates would not necessarily be too high.
• B. This would not necessarily require excessive use of fat replacers.
• C. The diet would not provide adequate essential fatty acids.
• D. Intake of essential fatty acids would be too low.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Diets that contain less than 10% of kcalories as fat are not recommended because they would lead to inadequate intake of essential fatty acids, which are crucial for various bodily functions like hormone production, brain function, and cell membrane structure. Option A is incorrect because reducing fat intake does not necessarily mean increasing carbohydrate intake excessively. Option B is incorrect as it introduces a new concept of using fat replacers, which is not directly related to the issue of essential fatty acid intake. Option C is incorrect as the primary concern with low-fat diets is the insufficiency of essential fatty acids, not the adequacy of them.

3. What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from the available amino acids?

• A. Gluconeogenesis.
• B. Deamination.
• C. Protein synthesis.
• D. Transamination.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein synthesis. This process involves the formation of proteins from amino acids to support various body functions. Gluconeogenesis (choice A) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not protein synthesis. Deamination (choice B) is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid, not the synthesis of proteins. Transamination (choice D) is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, not the direct synthesis of proteins.

4. The mineral that helps control enzyme actions in cell mitochondria that produce and store high-energy compounds is:

• A. iron.
• B. cobalt.
• C. hemoglobin.
• D. vitamin B12.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is iron. Iron is essential for enzyme function and energy production within the mitochondria. While cobalt is important for certain enzymes, it is not the primary mineral involved in this specific function. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, not a mineral involved in enzyme actions. Vitamin B12 is crucial for nerve function and DNA synthesis but is not directly related to controlling enzyme actions in mitochondria.

5. What is the function of chylomicrons?

• A. Produced in the hepatic system.
• B. Composed of triglycerides and cholesterol only.
• C. Absorbed in the large intestine.
• D. Cleared from the blood by lipoprotein lipase.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Chylomicrons are particles that transport dietary fats from the small intestine to cells in the body. They are cleared from the bloodstream by lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol. This process allows fats to be absorbed by the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because chylomicrons are not formed in the hepatic system, they are composed of various lipids including triglycerides and cholesterol, and they are absorbed in the small intestine, not the large intestine.

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