Nursing Elites

1. Which condition may benefit from branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine)?

• A. cancer-related malnutrition
• B. marasmus
• C. cardiovascular disease
• D. severe depression

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Branched chain amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are essential in preventing muscle breakdown. Therefore, they may be particularly important for a patient with cancer-related malnutrition, where maintaining muscle mass is crucial. Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency, not specifically related to cancer. Cardiovascular disease and severe depression do not have a direct correlation with the need for branched chain amino acids to prevent muscle breakdown.

2. What substance acts as an emulsifier and helps absorb digested fat?

• A. bile
• B. trypsin
• C. lipase
• D. cholecystokinin (CCK)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: bile. Bile acts as an emulsifier, breaking down fats into smaller droplets to aid in digestion and absorption. Trypsin is a digestive enzyme that acts on proteins, not fats. Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fats, but it doesn't act as an emulsifier. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that stimulates the release of digestive enzymes, including lipase, but it is not directly involved in emulsification.

3. The sum of all chemical processes inside living cells of the body that sustain life and health is known as:

• A. physiology
• B. digestion
• C. metabolism
• D. nutrition

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Metabolism is the correct answer as it refers to the sum of all chemical processes that occur within living cells to maintain life and health. Physiology (Choice A) is the study of how living organisms function but does not specifically refer to cellular chemical processes. Digestion (Choice B) is the process of breaking down food in the body, not the overall cellular processes. Nutrition (Choice D) is the process of obtaining and consuming food necessary for health and growth, but it does not encompass all cellular processes related to sustaining life and health.

4. What is the mechanism that is essential for the absorption of monosaccharides?

• A. Phosphorylation
• B. Active transport
• C. Passive diffusion
• D. Facilitated diffusion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Active transport is the mechanism essential for the absorption of monosaccharides in the intestine. This process requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, allowing for the absorption of monosaccharides efficiently. Phosphorylation, the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, is not directly involved in the absorption of monosaccharides. Passive diffusion, a process that does not require energy, is not the primary mechanism for absorbing monosaccharides due to their large size. Facilitated diffusion, a type of passive transport that involves carrier proteins, is not the primary mechanism for monosaccharide absorption, as monosaccharides require active transport for efficient absorption.

5. A chemical feature that distinguishes a saturated fatty acid from an unsaturated fatty acid is the:

• A. arrangement of carbon atoms.
• B. number of oxygen molecules.
• C. number of double bonds.
• D. food source.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Therefore, the number of double bonds is the chemical feature that distinguishes a saturated fatty acid from an unsaturated fatty acid. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the distinguishing factor between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids lies in the presence or absence of double bonds, not in the arrangement of carbon atoms, number of oxygen molecules, or food source.

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