Nursing Elites

1. The number of kilocalories provided by a food that contains 22g of fat is:

• A. 88
• B. 132
• C. 154
• D. 198

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Fat provides 9 kcal per gram, so 22 grams of fat will provide 198 kcal (22g * 9 kcal/g = 198 kcal). Choice A (88) is incorrect because it miscalculates the kcalories. Choice B (132) is incorrect as it does not consider the correct kcaloric value of fat. Choice C (154) is incorrect as it also does not calculate the kcalories accurately based on the fat content.

2. Consuming 30 g of which nutrient would provide the highest number of kcalories?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Fat
• C. Protein
• D. Micronutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'Fat.' Fat provides 9 kcalories per gram, which is more than carbohydrates and proteins that provide 4 kcalories per gram each. Therefore, consuming 30 g of fat would yield a higher number of kcalories compared to the same amount of carbohydrates or proteins. Micronutrients do not significantly contribute to kcalories, making them an incorrect choice in this scenario.

3. What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from the available amino acids?

• A. Gluconeogenesis.
• B. Deamination.
• C. Protein synthesis.
• D. Transamination.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein synthesis. This process involves the formation of proteins from amino acids to support various body functions. Gluconeogenesis (choice A) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not protein synthesis. Deamination (choice B) is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid, not the synthesis of proteins. Transamination (choice D) is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, not the direct synthesis of proteins.

4. The end products of digestion of macronutrients include fatty acids, amino acids, and:

• A. monosaccharides.
• B. polysaccharides.
• C. enzymes.
• D. cholesterol.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: monosaccharides. When macronutrients like carbohydrates are digested, they are broken down into simpler forms. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids. Therefore, the end products of carbohydrate digestion are monosaccharides. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because polysaccharides are larger carbohydrate molecules, enzymes are not the end products of digestion but rather aid in the process, and cholesterol is not a direct end product of macronutrient digestion.

5. Protein is constantly being exchanged between which two components?

• A. tissue and plasma.
• B. the liver and the small intestine.
• C. blood and lymph.
• D. the heart and lungs.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'tissue and plasma.' Protein turnover involves the continuous exchange of proteins between body tissues and the bloodstream (plasma) as part of normal metabolic processes. This process ensures a balance in protein levels throughout the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the primary sites for protein turnover in the body.

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