Nursing Elites

1. What is the main constituent of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?

• A. potassium
• B. sodium
• C. water
• D. calcium

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: water. Water is the main component of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including transporting nutrients, regulating body temperature, and maintaining cell structure. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while potassium, sodium, and calcium are essential electrolytes found in the body, they are not the main constituents of these fluids as water is.

2. Pepsinogen secreted by the gastric cells is converted into pepsin by:

• A. enterokinase
• B. hydrochloric acid
• C. gastric lipase
• D. pancreatic lipase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pepsinogen is converted into its active form, pepsin, by hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps in unfolding the pepsinogen molecule to transform it into pepsin, which is crucial for protein digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrochloric acid (choice B). Enterokinase (choice A) is an enzyme produced in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen into trypsin, not pepsinogen. Gastric lipase (choice C) is an enzyme that digests fats, not involved in converting pepsinogen to pepsin. Pancreatic lipase (choice D) is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that aids in breaking down fats in the small intestine, not part of the process of pepsin activation.

3. Individuals with optimal nutritional status differ from those with marginal nutritional status in their:

• A. nutrient reserves.
• B. clinical signs.
• C. body weight.
• D. risk of mental illness.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Individuals with optimal nutritional status differ from those with marginal nutritional status in their nutrient reserves. Optimal nutritional status implies having adequate nutrient reserves, which is lacking in marginal status. Clinical signs (choice B) may or may not be present in both groups and are not the differentiating factor between optimal and marginal statuses. Body weight (choice C) can vary for reasons other than nutritional status. The risk of mental illness (choice D) is not directly related to the comparison between optimal and marginal nutritional status.

4. What is the muscle layer on the outside of the intestinal wall called?

• A. serosa
• B. mucosa
• C. submucosa
• D. muscularis mucosae

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: serosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestinal wall, providing a protective covering. Choice B, mucosa, is the innermost layer responsible for absorption. Choice C, submucosa, lies beneath the mucosa and contains blood vessels and nerves. Choice D, muscularis mucosae, is a smooth muscle layer located within the mucosa, helping to create folds in the intestinal lining to increase surface area for absorption.

5. What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) represent?

• A. a replacement for Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs).
• B. a safe level of intake for people of all ages.
• C. a potentially toxic level of intake of a nutrient.
• D. the highest amount of a nutrient that can be safely consumed.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) represents the highest amount of a nutrient that can be safely consumed without causing adverse health effects. It is not a replacement for Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) (choice A) which are nutrient intake recommendations. While the UL is established to prevent toxicity, it is not a completely safe level for people of all ages (choice B). It is also not a potentially toxic level of intake of a nutrient (choice C), but rather the level that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

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