Nursing Elites

1. How is the enzyme trypsin activated?

• A. By zymogen.
• B. By bile.
• C. By gastrin.
• D. By enterokinase.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: By enterokinase. Trypsin is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme secreted by the small intestine. Enterokinase plays a crucial role in converting trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because trypsin is specifically activated by enterokinase, not by zymogen, bile, or gastrin.

2. Why is fat important in the diet?

• A. It supplies a constant source of vitamins.
• B. It speeds up the digestive process.
• C. It provides satiety.
• D. It stimulates the release of important digestive enzymes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Fat is important in the diet because it provides satiety. Fat slows down digestion and absorption, which helps in making you feel full longer. This feeling of fullness is crucial in controlling food intake and managing weight. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because fat's main role in providing satiety is related to slowing down digestion, not supplying a constant source of vitamins, speeding up digestion, or stimulating the release of digestive enzymes. While some types of fats can provide certain vitamins, the main purpose of fat in satiety is not vitamin supply.

3. What is the term for the action of biting, chewing, and breaking up ingested food into smaller particles?

• A. Peristalsis.
• B. Segmentation.
• C. Metabolism.
• D. Mastication.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Mastication.' Mastication is the mechanical process of chewing that breaks down food into smaller particles. Peristalsis (choice A) is the involuntary constriction and relaxation of muscles in the gastrointestinal tract that moves food along. Segmentation (choice B) is the mixing movement of the digestive system that helps to break down food and mix it with digestive juices. Metabolism (choice C) refers to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

4. People with phenylketonuria should avoid foods made with which nonnutritive sweetener?

• A. acesulfame-K
• B. aspartame
• C. saccharin
• D. sucralose

Correct answer: B

Rationale: People with phenylketonuria should avoid aspartame because it contains phenylalanine, which they cannot metabolize. Acesulfame-K, saccharin, and sucralose do not contain phenylalanine and are safe for individuals with phenylketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Acesulfame-K, saccharin, and sucralose are incorrect choices because they do not pose a risk for individuals with phenylketonuria due to the absence of phenylalanine in their composition.

5. A person with lactose intolerance should be most careful to limit their intake of:

• A. milk
• B. yogurt
• C. cheese
• D. corn syrup

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Individuals with lactose intolerance lack the enzyme lactase needed to break down lactose, the sugar in dairy products. Milk contains a high amount of lactose, making it crucial for those with lactose intolerance to limit their intake. Yogurt and cheese, on the other hand, have lower lactose content due to the fermentation process which reduces lactose levels, making them better tolerated by many with lactose intolerance. Corn syrup, although high in sugar, does not contain lactose and is unrelated to lactose intolerance. Therefore, the correct answer is 'milk' as it is a significant source of lactose, which can trigger symptoms in individuals with lactose intolerance.

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