Nursing Elites

1. What triggers the release of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

• A. Presence of food in the stomach.
• B. Presence of fat in the duodenum.
• C. Entry of acid chyme into the ileum.
• D. Entry of bile into the gallbladder.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Presence of fat in the duodenum. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to the presence of fat in the duodenum to aid in digestion by stimulating the release of bile from the gallbladder and enzymes from the pancreas. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because CCK is specifically released in response to the presence of fat in the duodenum, not food in the stomach, acid chyme in the ileum, or bile in the gallbladder.

2. What is the chemical structure that forms the base component of an amino acid?

• A. carboxyl group
• B. carbon chain
• C. radicals
• D. amino group

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the amino group. Amino acids consist of an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain attached to a central carbon atom. The amino group is essential for the formation of proteins. The carboxyl group is not the base component but another important functional group in amino acids. Carbon chain and radicals are not specific chemical structures that form the base component of an amino acid.

3. Which of the following enzymes is found in pancreatic secretions?

• A. Rennin
• B. Pepsin
• C. Chymotrypsin
• D. Casein

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chymotrypsin is an enzyme found in pancreatic secretions that plays a role in protein digestion. Rennin is primarily found in the stomach and is involved in milk digestion. Pepsin is also a stomach enzyme that aids in protein breakdown. Casein is a protein found in milk, not an enzyme involved in pancreatic secretions. Therefore, the correct answer is Chymotrypsin.

4. What is the factor most likely to stimulate digestive secretions?

• A. Smelling or seeing food
• B. Grocery shopping
• C. Fasting
• D. Exercise

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Smelling or seeing food. When an individual smells or sees food, it can trigger the body to start producing digestive secretions in anticipation of food consumption. This physiological response helps prepare the digestive system for the incoming meal. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because grocery shopping, fasting, and exercise do not directly stimulate digestive secretions in the same way that the sight or smell of food does.

5. How is resistant starch digested in the colon?

• A. bacterial fermentation.
• B. pancreatic amylase.
• C. hydrochloric acid.
• D. villi and microvilli.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the colon, resistant starch is digested by bacterial fermentation. The correct answer is A. During this process, short-chain fatty acids are produced. Pancreatic amylase, as mentioned in choice B, is responsible for breaking down starch in the small intestine, not in the colon. Choice C, hydrochloric acid, functions in the stomach to aid in the digestion of proteins, not starch. Villi and microvilli, as stated in choice D, are structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients; they do not participate in the digestion of resistant starch in the colon.

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