Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the action of biting, chewing, and breaking up ingested food into smaller particles?

• A. Peristalsis.
• B. Segmentation.
• C. Metabolism.
• D. Mastication.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Mastication.' Mastication is the mechanical process of chewing that breaks down food into smaller particles. Peristalsis (choice A) is the involuntary constriction and relaxation of muscles in the gastrointestinal tract that moves food along. Segmentation (choice B) is the mixing movement of the digestive system that helps to break down food and mix it with digestive juices. Metabolism (choice C) refers to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

2. What is the recommended dietary intake of protein for adults?

• A. 0.5 g/kg.
• B. 0.8 g/kg.
• C. 1.0 g/kg.
• D. 1.5 g/kg.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recommended dietary intake of protein for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. This amount is considered adequate for most healthy adults. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the generally recommended protein intake for adults.

3. Carbohydrates are composed of a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and which other element?

• A. oxygen.
• B. nitrogen.
• C. water.
• D. glucose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These three elements combine to form the basic structure of carbohydrates. Oxygen is an essential element in carbohydrates, contributing to their chemical composition. Choice B (nitrogen) is incorrect as nitrogen is not a typical component of carbohydrates. Choice C (water) is incorrect as water is not an element but a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Choice D (glucose) is incorrect as glucose is a specific type of sugar, not an element found in the composition of carbohydrates.

4. In addition to poor eating habits, a factor that often contributes to marginal nutritional status is:

• A. dependence on caffeine.
• B. acute illness.
• C. low income.
• D. size of the family unit.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Low income is a significant factor contributing to marginal nutritional status due to limited access to nutritious food. While dependence on caffeine or acute illness can impact health, they are not as directly linked to marginal nutrition as low income. The size of the family unit may affect food distribution within the household but is not as directly related to marginal nutritional status as low income.

5. The number of kilocalories provided by a food that contains 22g of fat is:

• A. 88
• B. 132
• C. 154
• D. 198

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Fat provides 9 kcal per gram, so 22 grams of fat will provide 198 kcal (22g * 9 kcal/g = 198 kcal). Choice A (88) is incorrect because it miscalculates the kcalories. Choice B (132) is incorrect as it does not consider the correct kcaloric value of fat. Choice C (154) is incorrect as it also does not calculate the kcalories accurately based on the fat content.

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