Nursing Elites

1. Signs of malnutrition can appear when:

• A. nutrient reserves are depleted.
• B. nutrient intake exceeds daily needs.
• C. energy intake is restricted.
• D. caloric expenditure increases.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'nutrient reserves are depleted.' Signs of malnutrition manifest when the body's reserves of essential nutrients are exhausted and can no longer sustain health. Choice B is incorrect because excessive nutrient intake exceeding daily needs does not lead to malnutrition but may cause other health issues. Choice C is incorrect as restricting energy intake may lead to weight loss but not necessarily malnutrition. Choice D is also incorrect as increasing caloric expenditure does not directly cause malnutrition.

2. Which nutrient has a protein-sparing effect?

• A. Glycerol
• B. Carbohydrate
• C. Nitrogen
• D. Fatty acids

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Carbohydrates have a protein-sparing effect, meaning that adequate carbohydrate intake can prevent the use of protein for energy. Glycerol, nitrogen, and fatty acids do not have a protein-sparing effect. Glycerol is a component of fats and oils, nitrogen is a component of proteins, and fatty acids are used primarily as an energy source.

3. What is the muscle layer on the outside of the intestinal wall called?

• A. serosa
• B. mucosa
• C. submucosa
• D. muscularis mucosae

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: serosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestinal wall, providing a protective covering. Choice B, mucosa, is the innermost layer responsible for absorption. Choice C, submucosa, lies beneath the mucosa and contains blood vessels and nerves. Choice D, muscularis mucosae, is a smooth muscle layer located within the mucosa, helping to create folds in the intestinal lining to increase surface area for absorption.

4. In which individual does negative nitrogen balance occur?

• A. Adult who engages in a weight-training program.
• B. Woman who is pregnant or lactating.
• C. Child who is growing.
• D. Older adult with anorexia.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Negative nitrogen balance occurs when the body loses more nitrogen than it gains. This imbalance is often seen in conditions like anorexia in older adults, where insufficient protein intake leads to muscle breakdown and negative nitrogen balance. Choices A, B, and C do not typically lead to negative nitrogen balance as seen in anorexia in older adults.

5. What is the main body storage form of carbohydrates?

• A. Glycogen.
• B. Starch.
• C. Fat.
• D. Glucose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glycogen. Glycogen is the stored form of carbohydrates in the body, primarily found in the liver and muscles. Starch (choice B) is a carbohydrate storage molecule in plants, not in the human body. Fat (choice C) is a different macronutrient and not the main storage form of carbohydrates. Glucose (choice D) is a simple sugar that serves as an energy source, not the main storage form of carbohydrates.

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