Nursing Elites

1. In addition to calcium, the major minerals needed to build and maintain bone tissue include:

• A. potassium
• B. iron
• C. phosphorus
• D. fluoride

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: phosphorus. Phosphorus, along with calcium, is essential for bone health and maintenance. Potassium (choice A) is important for muscle function, iron (choice B) is crucial for red blood cell production, and fluoride (choice D) helps prevent tooth decay but is not a major mineral needed for bone tissue.

2. What types of muscular movement occur in the intestine?

• A. Longitudinal and circular.
• B. Expulsion and traction.
• C. Tonus and clonus.
• D. Intermittent and continuous.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Longitudinal and circular. Longitudinal and circular muscles are responsible for the movements that help propel food through the intestine. Choice B, expulsion and traction, is incorrect as these terms do not specifically relate to the types of muscular movement in the intestine. Choice C, tonus and clonus, refers to different types of muscle contractions and are not the primary movements in the intestine. Choice D, intermittent and continuous, does not accurately describe the specific types of muscular movement that occur in the intestine.

3. Which age group is particularly vulnerable to malnutrition?

• A. Infants
• B. Teenagers
• C. Young adults
• D. Middle-aged adults

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Infants are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition due to their high growth rate and specific nutrient requirements. During the first year of life, infants experience rapid growth and development, requiring essential nutrients for proper physical and cognitive development. Teenagers, young adults, and middle-aged adults have more stable nutritional needs compared to infants, making them less vulnerable to malnutrition. Therefore, infants are the most susceptible age group when it comes to malnutrition.

4. An example of government nutrition policy is:

• A. MyPlate Food Guidance System.
• B. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010.
• C. Healthy People 2020.
• D. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Healthy People 2020. Healthy People 2020 is a government initiative that sets goals for improving the health of Americans, including specific nutritional objectives. Choices A, B, and D are not examples of government nutrition policies. MyPlate Food Guidance System is a visual tool to help individuals make healthy food choices, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 provide evidence-based advice for Americans two years and older, and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of nutrient reference values.

5. How is resistant starch digested in the colon?

• A. bacterial fermentation.
• B. pancreatic amylase.
• C. hydrochloric acid.
• D. villi and microvilli.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the colon, resistant starch is digested by bacterial fermentation. The correct answer is A. During this process, short-chain fatty acids are produced. Pancreatic amylase, as mentioned in choice B, is responsible for breaking down starch in the small intestine, not in the colon. Choice C, hydrochloric acid, functions in the stomach to aid in the digestion of proteins, not starch. Villi and microvilli, as stated in choice D, are structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients; they do not participate in the digestion of resistant starch in the colon.

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