Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following enzymes is found in pancreatic secretions?

• A. Rennin
• B. Pepsin
• C. Chymotrypsin
• D. Casein

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chymotrypsin is an enzyme found in pancreatic secretions that plays a role in protein digestion. Rennin is primarily found in the stomach and is involved in milk digestion. Pepsin is also a stomach enzyme that aids in protein breakdown. Casein is a protein found in milk, not an enzyme involved in pancreatic secretions. Therefore, the correct answer is Chymotrypsin.

2. Signs of malnutrition can appear when:

• A. nutrient reserves are depleted.
• B. nutrient intake exceeds daily needs.
• C. energy intake is restricted.
• D. caloric expenditure increases.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'nutrient reserves are depleted.' Signs of malnutrition manifest when the body's reserves of essential nutrients are exhausted and can no longer sustain health. Choice B is incorrect because excessive nutrient intake exceeding daily needs does not lead to malnutrition but may cause other health issues. Choice C is incorrect as restricting energy intake may lead to weight loss but not necessarily malnutrition. Choice D is also incorrect as increasing caloric expenditure does not directly cause malnutrition.

3. Which type of carbohydrate helps maintain normal blood glucose levels during fasting periods?

• A. Glucose
• B. Galactose
• C. Dextrins
• D. Glycogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is glycogen. Glycogen is a type of carbohydrate stored in the body that is broken down into glucose to help maintain blood glucose levels during fasting periods. Glucose (choice A) is the simplest form of sugar and is a product of carbohydrate digestion, not the stored form like glycogen. Galactose (choice B) is a monosaccharide found in dairy products. Dextrins (choice C) are intermediate products of starch digestion and not directly involved in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting.

4. Which lipoprotein carries fat from a meal just consumed to the liver?

• A. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).
• B. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
• C. Chylomicrons.
• D. High-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chylomicrons are the lipoproteins responsible for transporting dietary fat from the intestines to various tissues, including the liver. VLDL carries lipids synthesized in the liver, LDL transports cholesterol to tissues, and HDL helps transport cholesterol away from tissues to the liver for excretion. Therefore, in the context of carrying fat from a meal just consumed to the liver, chylomicrons are the correct choice.

5. What can excessive intakes of dietary protein do?

• A. cause vitamin deficiencies.
• B. impair kidney function.
• C. increase weight loss.
• D. decrease production of indispensable amino acids.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Excessive intake of dietary protein can lead to impaired kidney function over time. Excessive protein consumption can put a strain on the kidneys as they work to eliminate the byproducts of protein metabolism. This can potentially lead to kidney damage. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Excessive protein intake is not directly linked to causing vitamin deficiencies, increasing weight loss, or decreasing the production of indispensable amino acids.

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