Nursing Elites

1. How is resistant starch digested in the colon?

• A. bacterial fermentation.
• B. pancreatic amylase.
• C. hydrochloric acid.
• D. villi and microvilli.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the colon, resistant starch is digested by bacterial fermentation. The correct answer is A. During this process, short-chain fatty acids are produced. Pancreatic amylase, as mentioned in choice B, is responsible for breaking down starch in the small intestine, not in the colon. Choice C, hydrochloric acid, functions in the stomach to aid in the digestion of proteins, not starch. Villi and microvilli, as stated in choice D, are structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients; they do not participate in the digestion of resistant starch in the colon.

2. A person with lactose intolerance should be most careful to limit their intake of:

• A. milk
• B. yogurt
• C. cheese
• D. corn syrup

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Individuals with lactose intolerance lack the enzyme lactase needed to break down lactose, the sugar in dairy products. Milk contains a high amount of lactose, making it crucial for those with lactose intolerance to limit their intake. Yogurt and cheese, on the other hand, have lower lactose content due to the fermentation process which reduces lactose levels, making them better tolerated by many with lactose intolerance. Corn syrup, although high in sugar, does not contain lactose and is unrelated to lactose intolerance. Therefore, the correct answer is 'milk' as it is a significant source of lactose, which can trigger symptoms in individuals with lactose intolerance.

3. The function of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is to designate nutrient recommendations for:

• A. different ethnic groups.
• B. all individuals.
• C. most people.
• D. most healthy people.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are established to provide nutrient recommendations for most healthy people. They are not specific to different ethnic groups (choice A), all individuals (choice B), or most people (choice C). DRIs aim to prevent nutrient deficiencies and chronic diseases in healthy individuals by setting intake levels for various nutrients.

4. People with phenylketonuria should avoid foods made with which nonnutritive sweetener?

• A. acesulfame-K
• B. aspartame
• C. saccharin
• D. sucralose

Correct answer: B

Rationale: People with phenylketonuria should avoid aspartame because it contains phenylalanine, which they cannot metabolize. Acesulfame-K, saccharin, and sucralose do not contain phenylalanine and are safe for individuals with phenylketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Acesulfame-K, saccharin, and sucralose are incorrect choices because they do not pose a risk for individuals with phenylketonuria due to the absence of phenylalanine in their composition.

5. Plasma lipoproteins contain varying amounts of:

• A. ascorbic acid.
• B. triglycerides.
• C. lecithin.
• D. glucose.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: triglycerides. Plasma lipoproteins, such as LDL and HDL, contain triglycerides, cholesterol, and other fats. Ascorbic acid (choice A) is not typically found in plasma lipoproteins; it is a form of vitamin C. Lecithin (choice C) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes but is not a major component of plasma lipoproteins. Glucose (choice D) is a type of sugar and is not a primary component of plasma lipoproteins.

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