Nursing Elites

1. How is resistant starch digested in the colon?

• A. bacterial fermentation.
• B. pancreatic amylase.
• C. hydrochloric acid.
• D. villi and microvilli.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the colon, resistant starch is digested by bacterial fermentation. The correct answer is A. During this process, short-chain fatty acids are produced. Pancreatic amylase, as mentioned in choice B, is responsible for breaking down starch in the small intestine, not in the colon. Choice C, hydrochloric acid, functions in the stomach to aid in the digestion of proteins, not starch. Villi and microvilli, as stated in choice D, are structures in the small intestine that absorb nutrients; they do not participate in the digestion of resistant starch in the colon.

2. For a healthy person, what percentage of daily calories should be supplied by protein?

• A. 5% to 10%.
• B. 10% to 35%.
• C. more than 25%.
• D. more than 35%.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 10% to 35%. For a healthy person, it is recommended that 10% to 35% of their daily caloric intake should come from protein. This range ensures an adequate intake of protein for various bodily functions without overdoing it. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they suggest percentages either below the recommended range (A, C) or exceeding it (D), which could lead to nutritional imbalances or health issues.

3. How are lipids carried in the bloodstream?

• A. Micelles.
• B. Glycolipids.
• C. Lecithin.
• D. Lipoproteins.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Lipids are carried in the bloodstream in the form of lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are complexes of proteins and lipids that transport fats to various parts of the body. While micelles, glycolipids, and lecithin are all related to lipid metabolism, they are not the primary carriers of lipids in the bloodstream. Micelles are small lipid clusters in the intestines, glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached, and lecithin is a type of phospholipid. Therefore, lipoproteins are the correct answer as they are specifically designed for transporting lipids through the bloodstream.

4. After absorption, the end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion enter the:

• A. enterohepatic circulation.
• B. gastrointestinal circulation.
• C. common bile duct.
• D. portal blood system.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: portal blood system. After absorption, carbohydrates and proteins are transported via the portal blood system to the liver for further processing and distribution to the rest of the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Enterohepatic circulation refers to the recycling of compounds between the liver and the intestines, not the direct route for absorbed nutrients. Gastrointestinal circulation is a vague and non-specific term, not specifically related to the transport of absorbed nutrients. The common bile duct is involved in transporting bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine, not the end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion.

5. What substance acts as an emulsifier and helps absorb digested fat?

• A. bile
• B. trypsin
• C. lipase
• D. cholecystokinin (CCK)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: bile. Bile acts as an emulsifier, breaking down fats into smaller droplets to aid in digestion and absorption. Trypsin is a digestive enzyme that acts on proteins, not fats. Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fats, but it doesn't act as an emulsifier. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that stimulates the release of digestive enzymes, including lipase, but it is not directly involved in emulsification.

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