Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose called?

• A. Glucogenesis.
• B. Glycogenolysis.
• C. Glyconeogenesis.
• D. Gluconeogenesis.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycogenolysis. Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Glucogenesis (choice A) is not a term used in biochemistry. Glyconeogenesis (choice C) refers to the synthesis of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen. Gluconeogenesis (choice D) is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen.

2. Which monosaccharide only occurs naturally in foods in combination with another sugar as a disaccharide?

• A. Fructose.
• B. Galactose.
• C. Sucrose.
• D. Maltose.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, galactose. Galactose naturally occurs in foods only when it is combined with glucose to form lactose, a disaccharide found in milk. Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits and honey. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, commonly known as table sugar. Maltose is a disaccharide formed by the combination of two glucose molecules.

3. Carbohydrates are composed of a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and which other element?

• A. oxygen.
• B. nitrogen.
• C. water.
• D. glucose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These three elements combine to form the basic structure of carbohydrates. Oxygen is an essential element in carbohydrates, contributing to their chemical composition. Choice B (nitrogen) is incorrect as nitrogen is not a typical component of carbohydrates. Choice C (water) is incorrect as water is not an element but a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Choice D (glucose) is incorrect as glucose is a specific type of sugar, not an element found in the composition of carbohydrates.

4. Which of the following types of fiber is not a carbohydrate?

• A. gums
• B. lignin
• C. pectin
• D. cellulose

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lignin is the correct answer because it is a type of fiber that is not a carbohydrate and provides structure to plant cell walls. Gums (choice A), pectin (choice C), and cellulose (choice D) are all types of dietary fiber that are carbohydrates. Gums are a type of soluble fiber, pectin is found in fruits and is a soluble fiber, and cellulose is a type of insoluble fiber found in plant cell walls.

5. Which body organ is responsible for the metabolic processing of glucose?

• A. Large intestine.
• B. Gallbladder.
• C. Pancreas.
• D. Liver.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the liver. The liver plays a central role in glucose homeostasis by metabolically processing glucose. The large intestine is primarily involved in absorbing water and electrolytes, not glucose. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver but is not directly involved in glucose metabolism. Although the pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, the liver is mainly responsible for the metabolic processing of glucose.

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