Nursing Elites

1. The type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) that develops when the diet lacks protein is called:

• A. kwashiorkor.
• B. marasmus.
• C. anemia.
• D. beriberi.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a form of protein-energy malnutrition that arises due to a protein-deficient diet. This condition leads to symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Choice B, marasmus, is a form of PEM caused by overall malnutrition (protein and calorie deficiency), resulting in severe wasting and muscle loss. Choice C, anemia, is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, not specifically related to protein deficiency. Choice D, beriberi, is a disease caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, not a form of PEM related to protein deficiency.

2. A high blood cholesterol level appears to be associated with the development of:

• A. chronic kidney disease.
• B. coronary heart disease.
• C. Alzheimer’s disease.
• D. Addison’s disease.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A high blood cholesterol level is associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as high blood cholesterol is not primarily linked to chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or Addison’s disease.

3. What triggers the release of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

• A. Presence of food in the stomach.
• B. Presence of fat in the duodenum.
• C. Entry of acid chyme into the ileum.
• D. Entry of bile into the gallbladder.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Presence of fat in the duodenum. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to the presence of fat in the duodenum to aid in digestion by stimulating the release of bile from the gallbladder and enzymes from the pancreas. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because CCK is specifically released in response to the presence of fat in the duodenum, not food in the stomach, acid chyme in the ileum, or bile in the gallbladder.

4. Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract?

• A. Secretin.
• B. Cholecystokinin (CCK).
• C. Gastrin.
• D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. Secretin primarily acts on the pancreas to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid. Gastrin functions in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, while Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) plays a role in inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating insulin release.

5. Which enzyme is produced by the parotid gland?

• A. Salivary amylase
• B. Sucrase
• C. Maltase
• D. Lactase

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Salivary amylase. Salivary amylase is an enzyme produced by the parotid gland that initiates starch digestion in the mouth. It helps break down starch into maltose, a simpler sugar. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because sucrase, maltase, and lactase are enzymes involved in the digestion of disaccharides like sucrose, maltose, and lactose, respectively, in the small intestine, not in the saliva.

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