Nursing Elites

1. In which health problem is protein catabolism increased?

• A. severe burns
• B. severe obesity
• C. hypothyroidism
• D. food allergies

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Protein catabolism increases in conditions like severe burns because the body breaks down muscle protein to provide energy for healing. Severe obesity does not necessarily increase protein catabolism; instead, it is more related to excessive fat accumulation. Hypothyroidism may lead to a decrease in metabolic rate but does not directly increase protein catabolism. Food allergies trigger an immune response to specific foods but do not directly impact protein catabolism.

2. What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose called?

• A. Glucogenesis.
• B. Glycogenolysis.
• C. Glyconeogenesis.
• D. Gluconeogenesis.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycogenolysis. Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Glucogenesis (choice A) is not a term used in biochemistry. Glyconeogenesis (choice C) refers to the synthesis of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen. Gluconeogenesis (choice D) is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen.

3. What is the mechanism that is essential for the absorption of monosaccharides?

• A. Phosphorylation
• B. Active transport
• C. Passive diffusion
• D. Facilitated diffusion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Active transport is the mechanism essential for the absorption of monosaccharides in the intestine. This process requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, allowing for the absorption of monosaccharides efficiently. Phosphorylation, the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, is not directly involved in the absorption of monosaccharides. Passive diffusion, a process that does not require energy, is not the primary mechanism for absorbing monosaccharides due to their large size. Facilitated diffusion, a type of passive transport that involves carrier proteins, is not the primary mechanism for monosaccharide absorption, as monosaccharides require active transport for efficient absorption.

4. In addition to calcium, the major minerals needed to build and maintain bone tissue include:

• A. potassium
• B. iron
• C. phosphorus
• D. fluoride

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: phosphorus. Phosphorus, along with calcium, is essential for bone health and maintenance. Potassium (choice A) is important for muscle function, iron (choice B) is crucial for red blood cell production, and fluoride (choice D) helps prevent tooth decay but is not a major mineral needed for bone tissue.

5. The valve that controls the passage of chyme from the small intestine into the cecum is called the:

• A. ileocecal valve.
• B. pyloric valve.
• C. cardiac valve.
• D. hepatic valve.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: ileocecal valve. The ileocecal valve is located between the small intestine and the cecum, controlling the passage of chyme. The pyloric valve (choice B) is located between the stomach and the small intestine, regulating the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The cardiac valve (choice C) refers to the valve between the esophagus and the stomach. The hepatic valve (choice D) is not a correct term related to the passage of chyme from the small intestine into the cecum.

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