the actions involved in the process of digestion are
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PN Nutrition Assessment ATI

1. What are the actions involved in the process of digestion?

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'muscular and chemical.' In the process of digestion, muscular movements help in mixing and propelling food along the digestive tract, while chemical breakdowns involving enzymes and acids break down food into smaller molecules for absorption. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as thermal, segmental, and mechanical actions are not the primary actions involved in the digestion process.

2. Which nutrient has a protein-sparing effect?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Carbohydrates have a protein-sparing effect, meaning that adequate carbohydrate intake can prevent the use of protein for energy. Glycerol, nitrogen, and fatty acids do not have a protein-sparing effect. Glycerol is a component of fats and oils, nitrogen is a component of proteins, and fatty acids are used primarily as an energy source.

3. What is the term for the production of glucose from protein, lactate, or glycerol?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis is the correct term for the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein, lactate, or glycerol. Choice A, glycolysis, is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Choice C, glycogenolysis, is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Choice D, glucogenesis, is not a recognized term in biochemistry.

4. In addition to calcium, the major minerals needed to build and maintain bone tissue include:

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: phosphorus. Phosphorus, along with calcium, is essential for bone health and maintenance. Potassium (choice A) is important for muscle function, iron (choice B) is crucial for red blood cell production, and fluoride (choice D) helps prevent tooth decay but is not a major mineral needed for bone tissue.

5. How many kilocalories are provided by 15 grams of protein?

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Protein provides 4 kcal per gram. Therefore, 15 grams of protein will provide 15 grams x 4 kcal/gram = 60 kcal. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not consider the caloric value of protein correctly.

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