Nursing Elites

1. Ketones are produced when:

• A. carbohydrate stores are depleted.
• B. excess protein is consumed.
• C. protein stores are depleted.
• D. fat stores are depleted.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Ketones are produced when the body uses fat for energy due to the depletion of carbohydrate stores. When carbohydrate stores are depleted, the body turns to fat as its primary source of energy, leading to the production of ketones. Excess protein consumption does not directly lead to ketone production. Similarly, the depletion of protein stores or fat stores is not directly related to the production of ketones.

2. Pepsinogen secreted by the gastric cells is converted into pepsin by:

• A. enterokinase
• B. hydrochloric acid
• C. gastric lipase
• D. pancreatic lipase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pepsinogen is converted into its active form, pepsin, by hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps in unfolding the pepsinogen molecule to transform it into pepsin, which is crucial for protein digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrochloric acid (choice B). Enterokinase (choice A) is an enzyme produced in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen into trypsin, not pepsinogen. Gastric lipase (choice C) is an enzyme that digests fats, not involved in converting pepsinogen to pepsin. Pancreatic lipase (choice D) is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that aids in breaking down fats in the small intestine, not part of the process of pepsin activation.

3. Where is Vitamin B12 found?

• A. Whole grains.
• B. Nuts.
• C. Meats.
• D. Legumes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal-derived foods like meats. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as whole grains, nuts, and legumes do not naturally contain significant amounts of Vitamin B12. Therefore, the correct answer is 'C: Meats.'

4. How many kilocalories (kcal) are provided by 35 g of fat?

• A. 140
• B. 245
• C. 315
• D. 360

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Fat provides 9 kcal per gram, so 35 grams of fat provides 315 kcal. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Choice A (140) is incorrect because it doesn't consider the energy content of fat. Choice B (245) is incorrect as it miscalculates the kilocalories provided by 35g of fat. Choice D (360) is incorrect because it overestimates the kilocalories provided by 35g of fat.

5. The end products of digestion of macronutrients include fatty acids, amino acids, and:

• A. monosaccharides.
• B. polysaccharides.
• C. enzymes.
• D. cholesterol.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: monosaccharides. When macronutrients like carbohydrates are digested, they are broken down into simpler forms. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids. Therefore, the end products of carbohydrate digestion are monosaccharides. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because polysaccharides are larger carbohydrate molecules, enzymes are not the end products of digestion but rather aid in the process, and cholesterol is not a direct end product of macronutrient digestion.

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