Nursing Elites

1. Ketones are produced when:

• A. carbohydrate stores are depleted.
• B. excess protein is consumed.
• C. protein stores are depleted.
• D. fat stores are depleted.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Ketones are produced when the body uses fat for energy due to the depletion of carbohydrate stores. When carbohydrate stores are depleted, the body turns to fat as its primary source of energy, leading to the production of ketones. Excess protein consumption does not directly lead to ketone production. Similarly, the depletion of protein stores or fat stores is not directly related to the production of ketones.

2. Which hormone prevents excessive gastric activity?

• A. Gastrin
• B. Enterogastrone
• C. Secretin
• D. Cholecystokinin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is Enterogastrone. Enterogastrone is a hormone that inhibits excessive gastric activity by slowing down stomach contractions and emptying. Gastrin (choice A) stimulates gastric acid secretion, secretin (choice C) regulates pH levels in the duodenum, and cholecystokinin (choice D) stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile.

3. Which compound is necessary for emulsification of fat in the body?

• A. Bile salts
• B. Cholecystokinin
• C. Chyme
• D. Trypsin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Bile salts are essential for emulsifying fats in the body. They break down fats into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on during digestion. Cholecystokinin is a hormone that stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes, but it is not directly involved in emulsification. Chyme is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine and does not play a role in emulsifying fats. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that acts on proteins, not fats.

4. How can cholesterol absorption be decreased?

• A. Vitamin K.
• B. Plant sterols.
• C. Trans fats.
• D. Phospholipids.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plant sterols. Plant sterols can reduce cholesterol absorption by competing with cholesterol for absorption sites. Vitamin K, choice A, does not have a significant impact on cholesterol absorption. Trans fats, choice C, are known to increase cholesterol levels rather than decrease absorption. Phospholipids, choice D, play a role in cell structure and are not directly involved in reducing cholesterol absorption.

5. How many kilocalories (kcal) are provided by a food containing 30 grams of carbohydrate?

• A. 90
• B. 120
• C. 180
• D. 270

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 120. Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal per gram, so 30 grams of carbohydrates will provide 120 kcal. This is calculated by multiplying the grams of carbohydrate (30) by the kcal per gram (4). Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not reflect the correct calculation based on the energy content of carbohydrates.

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