Nursing Elites

1. A client with a new diagnosis of diverticulitis is being taught dietary management by a healthcare provider. Which of the following statements should the provider include in the teaching?

• A. You should increase your intake of high-fiber foods.
• B. You should avoid foods that contain lactose.
• C. You should decrease your intake of high-fiber foods.
• D. You should increase your intake of dairy products.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Increasing intake of high-fiber foods is essential in managing diverticulitis as it promotes regular bowel movements and prevents constipation, reducing the risk of complications and improving overall digestive health. Choice B is incorrect because lactose intolerance is different from diverticulitis and avoiding lactose is not a standard recommendation for diverticulitis. Choice C is incorrect as decreasing high-fiber foods would be counterproductive for managing diverticulitis. Choice D is wrong because increasing dairy products is not a primary dietary recommendation for diverticulitis management.

2. A healthcare professional is preparing to administer a subcutaneous injection of insulin. Which of the following actions should the professional take?

• A. Use a 1-inch needle.
• B. Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle.
• C. Use a tuberculin syringe.
• D. Aspirate before injecting.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When administering a subcutaneous injection, inserting the needle at a 90-degree angle is appropriate. This angle helps ensure proper delivery of the medication into the subcutaneous tissue. Using a 1-inch needle is common for subcutaneous injections to reach the subcutaneous fat layer adequately. Tuberculin syringes are typically used for intradermal injections, not subcutaneous injections. Aspirating before injecting is not necessary for subcutaneous injections as it is primarily used for intramuscular injections to ensure the needle is not in a blood vessel.

3. A client with a new prescription for a dry-powder inhaler (DPI) is receiving teaching from a healthcare provider. Which of the following statements indicates an understanding of the teaching?

• A. I will shake the inhaler before use.
• B. I will take the medication with food.
• C. I will inhale the medication quickly.
• D. I will use a spacer with the inhaler.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Choosing option C, 'I will inhale the medication quickly,' demonstrates an understanding of DPI use. Inhaling the medication quickly ensures effective delivery of the dry powder to the lungs, maximizing its therapeutic effects. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as shaking the DPI, taking it with food, and using a spacer are not recommended practices for DPI administration. Shaking a DPI can cause clumping or uneven dispersion of the medication, taking it with food may not affect its efficacy but can increase the risk of side effects, and using a spacer is not necessary for DPIs which are breath-actuated and do not require coordination with inhalation through a spacer.

4. A client is being assessed for dehydration. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

• A. Elevated blood pressure
• B. Increased skin turgor
• C. Dark-colored urine
• D. Bradypnea

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dark-colored urine is a common sign of dehydration as the urine becomes concentrated. Dehydration leads to reduced fluid intake or excessive fluid loss, causing the urine to be darker in color due to increased urine concentration. Elevated blood pressure (Choice A) is not typically associated with dehydration; instead, dehydration often leads to low blood pressure. Increased skin turgor (Choice B) is actually a sign of good hydration, not dehydration. Bradypnea (Choice D), which refers to abnormally slow breathing, is not a common finding in dehydration.

5. A healthcare professional is assessing a client who has fluid volume overload. Which of the following findings should the healthcare professional expect?

• A. Hypotension.
• B. Bradycardia.
• C. Crackles in the lungs.
• D. Flat neck veins.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Crackles in the lungs are a classic sign of fluid volume overload. When there is an excess of fluid in the lungs, it can manifest as crackling sounds upon auscultation. This finding indicates the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs, which is a common manifestation of fluid volume overload.

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