ATI LPN
Adult Medical Surgical ATI
1. A 50-year-old man presents with fatigue, arthralgia, and darkening of the skin. Laboratory tests reveal elevated liver enzymes and high serum ferritin levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Wilson's disease
- B. Hemochromatosis
- C. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- D. Autoimmune hepatitis
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The symptoms of fatigue, arthralgia, and skin darkening, along with elevated liver enzymes and high serum ferritin levels, are characteristic of hemochromatosis, a condition characterized by iron overload. In hemochromatosis, excess iron is deposited in various organs, including the liver, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and skin pigmentation changes. The elevated liver enzymes and high serum ferritin levels seen in this patient further support the diagnosis of hemochromatosis.
2. A nurse is caring for a client who is taking warfarin. The nurse notes that the client has a new prescription for amoxicillin. Which of the following laboratory tests should the nurse monitor closely?
- A. Serum potassium
- B. Prothrombin time (PT)
- C. Serum sodium
- D. Blood glucose
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Prothrombin time (PT). Amoxicillin can potentiate the effects of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding. Monitoring the prothrombin time (PT) is crucial in this situation to assess the client's clotting ability. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because amoxicillin's interaction with warfarin does not directly impact serum potassium, serum sodium, or blood glucose levels.
3. A client receiving chemotherapy is experiencing neutropenia. Which of the following should the nurse include in this client's education?
- A. Track oral temperature weekly
- B. Gardening is a good form of mild exercise
- C. Avoid crowded events
- D. Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Clients with neutropenia have a weakened immune system, making them susceptible to infections. Avoiding crowded events helps reduce the risk of exposure to pathogens, thereby minimizing the chance of infections. Tracking oral temperature is important for detecting fever early, which is a sign of infection and requires immediate medical attention. While gardening can be a good form of exercise, clients with neutropenia should avoid it due to the risk of exposure to bacteria and fungi present in soil. Eating fresh fruits and vegetables is generally encouraged for overall health but may carry a risk of bacterial contamination, which could be harmful to a client with neutropenia.
4. A vegetarian diet that includes dairy foods and eggs is known as:
- A. lactovegetarian.
- B. vegan.
- C. semi-vegetarian.
- D. ovolactovegetarian.
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct term for a vegetarian diet that includes both dairy foods and eggs is 'ovolactovegetarian.' This term specifically indicates the inclusion of eggs ('ovo') and dairy ('lacto') in the diet. Choice A, 'lactovegetarian,' is incorrect because it only includes dairy products without eggs. Choice B, 'vegan,' is incorrect as it excludes all animal products, including dairy and eggs. Choice C, 'semi-vegetarian,' is incorrect as it is a term used for individuals who occasionally eat meat, poultry, or fish but primarily follow a plant-based diet.
5. What are the key differences between systolic and diastolic heart failure?
- A. Systolic: Reduced ejection fraction; Diastolic: Preserved ejection fraction
- B. Systolic: Preserved ejection fraction; Diastolic: Reduced ejection fraction
- C. Systolic: Right-sided heart failure; Diastolic: Left-sided heart failure
- D. Systolic: Pulmonary congestion; Diastolic: Systemic congestion
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Systolic heart failure is characterized by reduced ejection fraction, meaning the heart is not pumping effectively. Diastolic heart failure, on the other hand, is characterized by preserved ejection fraction, indicating that the heart has difficulty relaxing and filling properly. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the key differences between systolic and diastolic heart failure.
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