Nursing Elites

1. The type of protein-energy malnutrition that results in edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver is:

• A. cachexia.
• B. marasmus.
• C. kwashiorkor.
• D. sarcopenia.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Edema is a key feature of kwashiorkor due to hypoalbuminemia, which leads to decreased oncotic pressure. Marasmus (choice B) is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency without significant protein deficiency, resulting in severe wasting. Cachexia (choice A) is a syndrome characterized by weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. Sarcopenia (choice D) is the age-related loss of muscle mass and function.

2. The Dietary Guidelines are published and revised by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in association with the:

• A. Department of Health and Human Services.
• B. National Institutes of Health.
• C. National Academy of Sciences.
• D. Food and Nutrition Board.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The U.S. Department of Agriculture collaborates with the Department of Health and Human Services to publish and revise the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This collaboration ensures that the guidelines encompass both agricultural and health aspects. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are not directly involved in the publication and revision of the Dietary Guidelines. The National Institutes of Health focuses on medical research, the National Academy of Sciences provides independent scientific advice, and the Food and Nutrition Board is a part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

3. Which body organ is responsible for the metabolic processing of glucose?

• A. Large intestine.
• B. Gallbladder.
• C. Pancreas.
• D. Liver.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the liver. The liver plays a central role in glucose homeostasis by metabolically processing glucose. The large intestine is primarily involved in absorbing water and electrolytes, not glucose. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver but is not directly involved in glucose metabolism. Although the pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, the liver is mainly responsible for the metabolic processing of glucose.

4. What role do the amino acids methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan play?

• A. Forming neurotransmitters.
• B. Blocking excess protein breakdown.
• C. Increasing production of insulin and thyroxine.
• D. Decreasing energy expenditure.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Forming neurotransmitters. Methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are important amino acids involved in the production of neurotransmitters in the body. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across nerve cells, influencing various functions such as mood, memory, and muscle control. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because these amino acids do not primarily play a role in blocking protein breakdown, increasing insulin and thyroxine production, or decreasing energy expenditure.

5. Which monosaccharide only occurs naturally in foods in combination with another sugar as a disaccharide?

• A. Fructose.
• B. Galactose.
• C. Sucrose.
• D. Maltose.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, galactose. Galactose naturally occurs in foods only when it is combined with glucose to form lactose, a disaccharide found in milk. Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits and honey. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, commonly known as table sugar. Maltose is a disaccharide formed by the combination of two glucose molecules.

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