Nursing Elites

1. What are probiotics?

• A. Indigestible carbohydrates that promote growth of health-promoting bacteria.
• B. Antibiotics that prevent growth of harmful bacteria.
• C. Nutritional supplements of health-promoting bacteria.
• D. Commercial fiber supplements that have a laxative effect.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Probiotics are live bacteria that are beneficial for gut health and are often taken as supplements. They are not indigestible carbohydrates (Choice A), antibiotics (Choice B), or commercial fiber supplements (Choice D). Probiotics contain live strains of good bacteria that help maintain a healthy balance in the gut microbiome.

2. Where is Vitamin B12 found?

• A. Whole grains.
• B. Nuts.
• C. Meats.
• D. Legumes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal-derived foods like meats. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as whole grains, nuts, and legumes do not naturally contain significant amounts of Vitamin B12. Therefore, the correct answer is 'C: Meats.'

3. Proteins are absorbed primarily in the form of:

• A. fatty acids.
• B. disaccharides.
• C. amino acids.
• D. polypeptides.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: amino acids. Proteins are broken down by digestive enzymes into amino acids before being absorbed in the small intestine. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are the form in which they are primarily absorbed. Choice A (fatty acids) is incorrect as fatty acids are the end products of fat digestion, not protein digestion. Choice B (disaccharides) is incorrect because disaccharides are sugars that are broken down into monosaccharides, not proteins. Choice D (polypeptides) is incorrect as proteins are broken down into amino acids and not absorbed as polypeptides.

4. What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from the available amino acids?

• A. Gluconeogenesis.
• B. Deamination.
• C. Protein synthesis.
• D. Transamination.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein synthesis. This process involves the formation of proteins from amino acids to support various body functions. Gluconeogenesis (choice A) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not protein synthesis. Deamination (choice B) is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid, not the synthesis of proteins. Transamination (choice D) is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, not the direct synthesis of proteins.

5. A person with lactose intolerance should be most careful to limit their intake of:

• A. milk
• B. yogurt
• C. cheese
• D. corn syrup

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Individuals with lactose intolerance lack the enzyme lactase needed to break down lactose, the sugar in dairy products. Milk contains a high amount of lactose, making it crucial for those with lactose intolerance to limit their intake. Yogurt and cheese, on the other hand, have lower lactose content due to the fermentation process which reduces lactose levels, making them better tolerated by many with lactose intolerance. Corn syrup, although high in sugar, does not contain lactose and is unrelated to lactose intolerance. Therefore, the correct answer is 'milk' as it is a significant source of lactose, which can trigger symptoms in individuals with lactose intolerance.

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