Nursing Elites

1. After absorption, the end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion enter the:

• A. enterohepatic circulation.
• B. gastrointestinal circulation.
• C. common bile duct.
• D. portal blood system.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: portal blood system. After absorption, carbohydrates and proteins are transported via the portal blood system to the liver for further processing and distribution to the rest of the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Enterohepatic circulation refers to the recycling of compounds between the liver and the intestines, not the direct route for absorbed nutrients. Gastrointestinal circulation is a vague and non-specific term, not specifically related to the transport of absorbed nutrients. The common bile duct is involved in transporting bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine, not the end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion.

2. What is the interrelated network of nerves within the gastrointestinal wall that regulates its muscular action known as?

• A. gastric nerve plexus
• B. biliary nerve plexus
• C. intramural nerve plexus
• D. intestinal nerve plexus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, intramural nerve plexus. The intramural nerve plexus is the interrelated network of nerves within the gastrointestinal wall that regulates its muscular action. The gastric nerve plexus (choice A) specifically pertains to the network of nerves in the stomach, not the entire gastrointestinal wall. The biliary nerve plexus (choice B) is associated with nerve supply in the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts, not the gastrointestinal wall. The intestinal nerve plexus (choice D) is a general term that may refer to various nerve networks within the intestines but does not specifically address the entire gastrointestinal wall.

3. What is the mechanism that is essential for the absorption of monosaccharides?

• A. Phosphorylation
• B. Active transport
• C. Passive diffusion
• D. Facilitated diffusion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Active transport is the mechanism essential for the absorption of monosaccharides in the intestine. This process requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, allowing for the absorption of monosaccharides efficiently. Phosphorylation, the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, is not directly involved in the absorption of monosaccharides. Passive diffusion, a process that does not require energy, is not the primary mechanism for absorbing monosaccharides due to their large size. Facilitated diffusion, a type of passive transport that involves carrier proteins, is not the primary mechanism for monosaccharide absorption, as monosaccharides require active transport for efficient absorption.

4. One characteristic of an essential fatty acid is that it:

• A. comes from a plant source.
• B. comes from an animal source.
• C. is not manufactured by the body.
• D. is manufactured by the body.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because essential fatty acids are not manufactured by the body and must be obtained through the diet. Choice A is incorrect because essential fatty acids can come from plant sources as well. Choice B is incorrect as essential fatty acids are primarily derived from plant sources. Choice D is incorrect because essential fatty acids cannot be produced by the body. Therefore, the only accurate statement is that essential fatty acids are not manufactured by the body.

5. In an analysis of the amino acid composition of foods, the amino acid occurring in the smallest amount is called:

• A. indispensable.
• B. dispensable.
• C. complementary.
• D. limiting.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'limiting.' In the analysis of the amino acid composition of foods, the amino acid that occurs in the smallest amount is referred to as the limiting amino acid. This term is used because when one essential amino acid is deficient, it limits the synthesis of proteins, making it crucial in determining protein quality. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. 'Indispensable' and 'dispensable' refer to the essentiality of amino acids, and 'complementary' does not describe the concept of the amino acid occurring in the smallest amount.

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