Nursing Elites

1. A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed carvedilol. What is the primary purpose of this medication?

• A. Increase cardiac output
• B. Reduce fluid retention
• C. Decrease heart rate
• D. Lower blood pressure

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Carvedilol, a beta-blocker, is primarily prescribed in patients with chronic heart failure to decrease heart rate and reduce the workload on the heart. By lowering the heart rate, carvedilol helps the heart function more efficiently and improves symptoms in patients with heart failure.

2. A 28-year-old woman presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. She has a history of recurrent mouth ulcers and a perianal fistula. What is the most likely diagnosis?

• A. Ulcerative colitis
• B. Irritable bowel syndrome
• C. Crohn's disease
• D. Diverticulitis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The combination of symptoms including recurrent mouth ulcers, perianal fistula, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss is characteristic of Crohn's disease. These extra-intestinal manifestations, along with the gastrointestinal symptoms, point towards Crohn's disease rather than ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, or diverticulitis.

3. A healthcare professional is educating a group of recent nursing graduates about their risks for contracting hepatitis B. What preventative measure should the professional promote?

• A. Immunization
• B. Chronic tonsillitis
• C. Consumption of a vitamin-rich diet
• D. Annual vitamin K injections

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct preventative measure to promote for preventing hepatitis B infection is immunization. Healthcare workers, including nurses, are at risk of exposure to hepatitis B, and vaccination is crucial in preventing infection. Immunization, along with adherence to standard precautions such as using personal protective equipment, proper hand hygiene, and safe needle practices, plays a vital role in protecting healthcare workers from contracting hepatitis B.

4. The nurse is providing an educational workshop about coronary artery disease (CAD) and its risk factors. The nurse explains to participants that CAD has many risk factors, some that can be controlled and some that cannot. What risk factors should the nurse list that can be controlled or modified?

• A. Gender, obesity, family history, and smoking
• B. Inactivity, stress, gender, and smoking
• C. Cholesterol levels, hypertension, and smoking
• D. Stress, family history, and obesity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cholesterol levels, hypertension, and smoking are controllable risk factors for CAD. Managing these factors through lifestyle changes and medical interventions can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease.

5. A patient with severe pain is prescribed morphine sulfate. What is the most important side effect for the nurse to monitor?

• A. Diarrhea
• B. Hypertension
• C. Respiratory depression
• D. Increased urine output

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When a patient is prescribed morphine sulfate, the most critical side effect for the nurse to monitor is respiratory depression. Morphine can suppress the respiratory drive, leading to inadequate ventilation and potentially life-threatening consequences. Monitoring the patient's respiratory status closely is essential to promptly identify and manage any signs of respiratory depression.

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