Nursing Elites

1. With respect to its effect on colon microflora, fiber is considered a:

• A. prebiotic.
• B. probiotic.
• C. functional food.
• D. protective agent.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: prebiotic. Fiber acts as a prebiotic by providing a food source for beneficial bacteria in the colon, promoting their growth and activity. This helps maintain a healthy balance of microflora in the gut. Choice B, probiotic, is incorrect as fiber itself does not contain live beneficial bacteria but rather supports their growth. Choice C, functional food, is too broad and doesn't specifically address fiber's role in promoting beneficial bacteria. Choice D, protective agent, is vague and does not directly relate to fiber's specific function in colon microflora.

2. What is the term for the action of biting, chewing, and breaking up ingested food into smaller particles?

• A. Peristalsis.
• B. Segmentation.
• C. Metabolism.
• D. Mastication.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Mastication.' Mastication is the mechanical process of chewing that breaks down food into smaller particles. Peristalsis (choice A) is the involuntary constriction and relaxation of muscles in the gastrointestinal tract that moves food along. Segmentation (choice B) is the mixing movement of the digestive system that helps to break down food and mix it with digestive juices. Metabolism (choice C) refers to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

3. A vegetarian diet that includes dairy foods and eggs is known as:

• A. lactovegetarian.
• B. vegan.
• C. semi-vegetarian.
• D. ovolactovegetarian.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct term for a vegetarian diet that includes both dairy foods and eggs is 'ovolactovegetarian.' This term specifically indicates the inclusion of eggs ('ovo') and dairy ('lacto') in the diet. Choice A, 'lactovegetarian,' is incorrect because it only includes dairy products without eggs. Choice B, 'vegan,' is incorrect as it excludes all animal products, including dairy and eggs. Choice C, 'semi-vegetarian,' is incorrect as it is a term used for individuals who occasionally eat meat, poultry, or fish but primarily follow a plant-based diet.

4. Which option below is an example of a meal or snack that contains complementary proteins?

• A. an egg and cheese omelet
• B. a peanut butter sandwich
• C. trail mix with nuts and raisins
• D. mixed bean salad with green beans, kidney beans, and white beans

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, a peanut butter sandwich. A peanut butter sandwich combines grains from the bread and proteins from the nuts in the peanut butter, providing complementary proteins. This combination offers all essential amino acids. Choices A, C, and D do not contain complementary proteins as they lack the combination of different protein sources necessary to provide a complete amino acid profile.

5. Protein is constantly being exchanged between which two components?

• A. tissue and plasma.
• B. the liver and the small intestine.
• C. blood and lymph.
• D. the heart and lungs.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'tissue and plasma.' Protein turnover involves the continuous exchange of proteins between body tissues and the bloodstream (plasma) as part of normal metabolic processes. This process ensures a balance in protein levels throughout the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the primary sites for protein turnover in the body.

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