Nursing Elites

1. What is one useful outcome of keeping a record of everything you eat and drink for a day?

• A. Precise estimates of portion sizes.
• B. Determination of appropriate energy intake.
• C. Estimation of supplement needs.
• D. Increased awareness of personal food patterns.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased awareness of personal food patterns. Keeping a food record is beneficial as it helps individuals become more mindful of their eating habits and food choices. This awareness can lead to identifying patterns, triggers, and areas for improvement in one's diet. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the primary benefit of keeping a food record is not about precise estimates of portion sizes, determining energy intake, or estimating supplement needs, but rather about developing a deeper understanding of personal food patterns.

2. What is the primary function of protein in the body?

• A. Provide energy.
• B. Regulate metabolic processes.
• C. Control muscle contractions.
• D. Build tissue.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The primary function of protein in the body is to build and repair tissues. Proteins are crucial for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues, including muscles, organs, and skin. While proteins can be a source of energy, their primary role is not to supply energy. Regulating metabolic processes and controlling muscle contractions are functions typically attributed to other nutrients and compounds in the body, such as vitamins and minerals.

3. What are the small, fingerlike projections into the intestinal lumen called?

• A. Villi
• B. Goblets
• C. Lacteals
• D. Polyps

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Villi. Villi are small fingerlike projections in the intestine that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. Goblets (choice B) are mucus-secreting cells in the intestines. Lacteals (choice C) are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats. Polyps (choice D) are abnormal tissue growths.

4. The type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) that develops when the diet lacks protein is called:

• A. kwashiorkor.
• B. marasmus.
• C. anemia.
• D. beriberi.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a form of protein-energy malnutrition that arises due to a protein-deficient diet. This condition leads to symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Choice B, marasmus, is a form of PEM caused by overall malnutrition (protein and calorie deficiency), resulting in severe wasting and muscle loss. Choice C, anemia, is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, not specifically related to protein deficiency. Choice D, beriberi, is a disease caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, not a form of PEM related to protein deficiency.

5. The lining of the stomach and intestine is protected from self-digestion by:

• A. pepsinogen.
• B. bile.
• C. mucus.
• D. fat.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucus. Mucus forms a protective barrier that prevents the stomach and intestine from digesting themselves. Pepsinogen (choice A) is an inactive form of pepsin, a digestive enzyme, and does not protect the stomach lining. Bile (choice B) aids in the digestion and absorption of fats but does not protect the stomach lining. Fat (choice D) is a nutrient and energy source; it does not play a role in protecting the stomach and intestine from self-digestion.

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