Nursing Elites

1. Carbohydrates are composed of a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and which other element?

• A. oxygen.
• B. nitrogen.
• C. water.
• D. glucose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These three elements combine to form the basic structure of carbohydrates. Oxygen is an essential element in carbohydrates, contributing to their chemical composition. Choice B (nitrogen) is incorrect as nitrogen is not a typical component of carbohydrates. Choice C (water) is incorrect as water is not an element but a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Choice D (glucose) is incorrect as glucose is a specific type of sugar, not an element found in the composition of carbohydrates.

2. Major nutrients supplied by foods in the Vegetables group of MyPlate include:

• A. potassium and vitamin A.
• B. iron and vitamin C.
• C. calcium and vitamin B12.
• D. sodium and vitamin E.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: potassium and vitamin A. Vegetables are an excellent source of potassium and vitamin A, both essential for maintaining overall health. Iron and vitamin C (choice B) are commonly found in foods from the Protein and Fruits groups, respectively. Calcium and vitamin B12 (choice C) are more abundant in dairy products and animal-based foods. Sodium and vitamin E (choice D) are not the major nutrients typically supplied by vegetables.

3. What is the main body storage form of carbohydrates?

• A. Glycogen.
• B. Starch.
• C. Fat.
• D. Glucose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glycogen. Glycogen is the stored form of carbohydrates in the body, primarily found in the liver and muscles. Starch (choice B) is a carbohydrate storage molecule in plants, not in the human body. Fat (choice C) is a different macronutrient and not the main storage form of carbohydrates. Glucose (choice D) is a simple sugar that serves as an energy source, not the main storage form of carbohydrates.

4. In addition to active transport, which process is involved in absorbing food in the small intestine?

• A. pinocytosis
• B. excretion
• C. phagocytosis
• D. electrochemical diffusion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is a process where cells in the small intestine absorb nutrients by engulfing them. This process is different from phagocytosis, which involves engulfing large particles, and excretion, which is the removal of waste products. Electrochemical diffusion is not directly involved in the absorption of food in the small intestine.

5. Regurgitation or reflux of acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus is known as:

• A. hiatal hernia.
• B. diverticulitis.
• C. gastroenteritis.
• D. gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation. Choice A, hiatal hernia, is a condition where part of the stomach pushes up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm. Choice B, diverticulitis, is inflammation or infection of small pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system. Choice C, gastroenteritis, is inflammation of the stomach and intestines typically caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Therefore, only choice D accurately describes the regurgitation or reflux of acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus.

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