Nursing Elites

1. What is the strongest evidence for evolution?

• A. The fossil record
• B. Comparative anatomy
• C. Biogeography
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) The fossil record provides evidence of how organisms have changed over time, showing transitional forms and the progression of species. B) Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the structures of different species, which can reveal common ancestry and evolutionary relationships. C) Biogeography examines the distribution of species around the world, which can be explained by evolution and continental drift. By considering all of the above evidence together, scientists can build a comprehensive understanding of evolution and how species have changed and diversified over time.

2. What is the process by which a population gradually loses genetic variation?

• A. Founder effect
• B. Bottleneck effect
• C. Gene flow
• D. Speciation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Founder effect: This occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a loss of genetic variation compared to the original population. It does not necessarily result in a gradual loss of genetic variation in an existing population. B) Bottleneck effect: This process occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size, leading to a significant loss of genetic variation due to the limited number of individuals contributing to the gene pool. The reduced genetic diversity can have long-term effects on the population's ability to adapt to environmental changes. C) Gene flow: This refers to the movement of genes between populations, which can introduce new genetic variation and prevent populations from diverging. Gene flow does not lead to a gradual loss of genetic variation within a population. D) Speciation: This is the process by which new species evolve from existing species, often involving the accumulation of genetic differences that l

3. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked disorder
• D. Mitochondrial disorder

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Autosomal dominant disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one copy of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. B) Autosomal recessive disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in both copies of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. C) Sex-linked disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. D) Mitochondrial disorder: Mitochondrial disorders are genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. These disorders are inherited maternally and can affect various organs and systems in the body due to the role of mitochondria in energy production.

4. Where is the cervix located?

• A. Top of the uterus
• B. Top of the ovaries
• C. Bottom of the vagina
• D. Bottom of the uterus

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The cervix is located at the bottom of the uterus, where it opens into the vagina. It serves as the passageway between the uterus and the vagina, playing a crucial role in childbirth and menstrual flow. Choice A ('Top of the uterus') is incorrect because the cervix is not located at the top of the uterus. Choice B ('Top of the ovaries') is incorrect as the cervix is not located near the ovaries. Choice C ('Bottom of the vagina') is incorrect as the cervix is not located at the bottom of the vagina, but rather at the bottom of the uterus.

5. What is the first event to occur in a primary immune response?

• A. Macrophages phagocytose pathogens and present their antigens.
• B. Neutrophils aggregate and act as cytotoxic, nonspecific killers of pathogens.
• C. B lymphocytes make pathogen-specific antibodies.
• D. Helper T cells secrete interleukins to activate pathogen-fighting cells.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The initial event in a primary immune response is the phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages and the subsequent presentation of their antigens, which is crucial for initiating the adaptive immune response. Neutrophils (Choice B) are also involved in the innate immune response, but they typically respond after macrophages. B lymphocytes (Choice C) produce antibodies later in the adaptive immune response, and Helper T cells (Choice D) help in coordinating the immune response but are not the first cells to act in a primary immune response.

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