Nursing Elites

1. Which part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Medulla oblongata
• C. Thalamus
• D. Cerebellum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The medulla oblongata is the correct answer because it is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate. The cerebrum (Choice A) is primarily associated with higher brain functions like thinking and voluntary movements, not with regulating basic bodily functions like breathing and heart rate. The thalamus (Choice C) serves as a relay station for sensory information but is not directly involved in controlling breathing and heart rate. The cerebellum (Choice D) plays a role in coordination and balance, not in regulating respiratory and cardiac functions.

2. What is the network of vessels and ducts responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues?

• A. Circulatory system
• B. Digestive system
• C. Lymphatic system
• D. Respiratory system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Lymphatic system (option C). The lymphatic system is responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues. It works alongside the circulatory system to maintain fluid balance in the body. The circulatory system (option A) transports blood, the digestive system (option B) processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste, while the respiratory system (option D) is responsible for gas exchange, specifically the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

3. What is the feedback mechanism in the endocrine system that helps maintain hormone balance?

• A. Positive feedback, where a hormone stimulates its own release
• B. Negative feedback, where a hormone suppresses its own release
• C. Cascade effect, where one hormone triggers the release of another
• D. Dual hormone system, where two hormones work together

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In the endocrine system, negative feedback is the mechanism by which hormone levels are regulated. When hormone levels reach a certain threshold, they signal the body to stop producing more of that hormone, thus maintaining a balance. Negative feedback (option B) is the correct answer as it helps in preventing overproduction of hormones by suppressing their own release. Positive feedback (option A) would lead to an excessive production of hormones, disrupting the balance. The cascade effect (option C) involves one hormone triggering the release of another but does not directly regulate hormone levels. The dual hormone system (option D) refers to two hormones working together but does not specifically address the feedback mechanism for maintaining hormone balance.

4. How many neutrons and electrons could a negative ion of sulfur have?

• A. 16 neutrons, 16 electrons
• B. 16 neutrons, 17 electrons
• C. 17 neutrons, 16 electrons
• D. 17 neutrons, 17 electrons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A negative ion of sulfur would have 16 protons and 17 electrons since it gains one electron. The number of neutrons in an ion does not change, so the neutrons would remain at 16. Therefore, the correct answer is 16 neutrons and 17 electrons, which corresponds to choice B. Choice A is incorrect as it does not account for the extra electron gained by the negative ion. Choices C and D are incorrect because they propose a change in the number of neutrons, which is not affected by the ionization process.

5. What is the name of the bone marrow cavity in the long bones where red blood cells are produced?

• A. Periosteum
• B. Diaphysis
• C. Medullary cavity
• D. Epiphysis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The medullary cavity is the correct answer. It is the central cavity within the shafts of long bones where red bone marrow is located, responsible for the production of red blood cells. The periosteum is the outer layer of bone that provides nourishment and participates in bone repair. The diaphysis refers to the shaft of a long bone that contains yellow bone marrow. The epiphysis is the end of a long bone involved in joint articulation and contains red bone marrow in children for blood cell production.

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