Nursing Elites

1. What are the seven components of the digestive system?

• A. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas
• B. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
• C. Esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
• D. Pharynx, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The seven components of the digestive system are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The mouth begins the process of digestion by chewing and mixing food with saliva. The pharynx serves as a passageway for food and air. The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach aids in digestion and acts as a temporary storage site. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. The large intestine absorbs water and salts, forming feces. The rectum stores feces until they are eliminated through the anus. The other choices are incorrect as they do not list all seven essential components of the digestive system.

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

• A. Synthesis of lipids (fats)
• B. Transport of materials within the cell
• C. Detoxification of harmful substances
• D. Breakdown of cellular waste products

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not involved in the breakdown of cellular waste products; this function is primarily carried out by lysosomes. The ER is responsible for the synthesis of lipids (fats), transport of materials within the cell, and detoxification of harmful substances. Lysosomes are the organelles responsible for breaking down cellular waste products through processes like autophagy. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it does not align with the known functions of the endoplasmic reticulum.

3. What is the primary function of the myelin sheath that surrounds some axons in the nervous system?

• A. To initiate nerve impulses
• B. To transmit sensory information
• C. To speed up the transmission of nerve impulses
• D. To connect neurons at synapses

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of the myelin sheath is to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. The myelin sheath acts as an insulating layer around the axon, allowing for faster conduction of electrical impulses along the nerve fiber. This insulation prevents the electrical signal from dissipating or 'leaking' out, which helps in the rapid and efficient transmission of nerve impulses along the axon. Choice A is incorrect because the myelin sheath does not initiate nerve impulses; it helps in conducting them. Choice B is incorrect as the myelin sheath's main role is not in transmitting sensory information but rather in facilitating the transmission of nerve impulses. Choice D is incorrect because the myelin sheath's function is not to connect neurons at synapses; instead, it is primarily involved in enhancing the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

4. What phenomenon occurs when a wave encounters a change in medium causing a change in its speed and direction?

• A. Refraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Diffraction
• D. Interference

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Refraction is the phenomenon that occurs when a wave encounters a change in medium, causing a change in its speed and direction. This change in speed and direction is due to the wave bending as it passes from one medium to another with a different density. It is essential to understand refraction as it plays a crucial role in various phenomena, such as the bending of light in lenses, the formation of rainbows, and the way seismic waves travel through the Earth's layers. Reflection, while also a wave phenomenon, involves the bouncing back of a wave when it encounters a boundary. Diffraction refers to the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, and interference involves the combination of two or more waves to form a new wave pattern.

5. Differentiate between gene therapy and genetic engineering in the context of human intervention.

• A. Gene therapy aims to modify existing genes within body cells, while genetic engineering manipulates genes in embryos to be passed on to offspring.
• B. Gene therapy focuses on treating genetic diseases, while genetic engineering enhances desirable traits or eliminates undesirable ones.
• C. Both involve directly altering the DNA sequence, but gene therapy targets somatic cells and genetic engineering modifies germline cells.
• D. There is no fundamental difference; both terms are synonymous.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Incorrect. Gene therapy does aim to modify existing genes within body cells, but genetic engineering does not necessarily manipulate genes in embryos to be passed on to offspring. Genetic engineering can involve modifying genes in any type of cell, not just embryos. B) Correct. Gene therapy is a medical intervention that aims to treat genetic diseases by correcting or replacing faulty genes within an individual's body cells. On the other hand, genetic engineering involves modifying genes to enhance specific traits or eliminate undesirable ones, often in the context of agriculture or biotechnology. C) Incorrect. While both gene therapy and genetic engineering involve altering DNA sequences, the distinction lies in the target cells. Gene therapy targets somatic cells (non-reproductive cells), while genetic engineering typically involves modifying germline cells (reproductive cells that can pass on genetic changes to offspring). D) Incorrect. There is

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