Nursing Elites

1. When a muscle shortens and generates force, this is called a:

• A. Contraction
• B. Relaxation
• C. Extension
• D. Atrophy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: When a muscle shortens and generates force, it is contracting. Contraction is the process by which muscle fibers develop tension and exert a pulling force on the bones they are attached to, resulting in movement. Relaxation refers to the phase when a muscle returns to its original length, allowing for rest or preparation for the next contraction. Extension, on the other hand, is the movement that increases the angle between body parts, moving them further apart. Atrophy is unrelated to muscle contraction and refers to the wasting away or decrease in size of muscle tissue due to disuse or disease. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Contraction.'

2. From an anterior view, which of the following vessels carries blood away from the heart?

• A. Left common carotid artery
• B. Pulmonary trunk
• C. Subclavian arteries
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' When viewed from an anterior perspective, the left common carotid artery, pulmonary trunk, and subclavian arteries all carry blood away from the heart. The left common carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the head and neck, the pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the subclavian arteries transport blood to the upper extremities. Therefore, all the vessels listed in the choices are correct as they function to carry blood away from the heart when viewed anteriorly.

3. Which type of tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix and provides structural support and protection?

• A. Epithelial tissue
• B. Connective tissue
• C. Muscle tissue
• D. Nervous tissue

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Epithelial tissue is the correct answer as it aligns with the description provided in the question. Epithelial tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, which allows it to form protective barriers on the body's surface and line internal organs, providing structural support and protection. Connective tissue, while important for support and connection between tissues and organs, does not fit the description in the question of being tightly packed with minimal extracellular matrix. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement, and nervous tissue transmits signals throughout the body, neither of which are primarily involved in providing structural support and protection as described. Therefore, based on the characteristics described in the question, epithelial tissue best fits the description of tissue that provides structural support and protection.

4. If Silicon (Si) has an atomic mass of 28.1 AMU (atomic mass units), which of the following is the most likely number of neutrons an atom of Silicon would have?

• A. 28.1
• B. 14
• C. 28
• D. 14.2

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Silicon has an atomic number of 14, indicating it has 14 protons. The atomic mass of 28.1 AMU accounts for both protons and neutrons in the nucleus. By subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass, we can estimate the number of neutrons in the atom. Thus, 28.1 - 14 = 14 neutrons. Choice A is incorrect as it represents the total atomic mass, not the number of neutrons. Choice C is incorrect; it is the atomic number (protons) rather than the number of neutrons. Choice D is incorrect as it is a value that does not reflect the number of neutrons in the silicon atom.

5. What initiates the process of coagulation?

• A. When blood changes from a gel to liquid form.
• B. Begins instantly after a blood vessel has been damaged.
• C. A simple single-phase response of the blood drying upon contact with the air.
• D. Also known as clotting, or the formation of fibrin.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The process of coagulation, also known as blood clotting, begins instantly after a blood vessel has been damaged. When a blood vessel is injured, the body quickly responds by initiating a cascade of reactions to form a blood clot, which helps to stop bleeding and promote healing. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because coagulation does not occur just when blood changes from a gel to liquid form, it is not a response of blood drying upon contact with air, and it is not simply the formation of fibrin. The primary trigger for coagulation is vascular injury.

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