Nursing Elites

1. As a nursing student triaging a patient, which of the following is an example of quantitative data you can gather?

• A. The patient says he feels pain.
• B. The patient says he has stabbing pain.
• C. The patient's temperature is 101.7°F.
• D. The patient reports that he had a fever yesterday.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The corrected choice C, 'The patient's temperature is 101.7°F,' is an example of quantitative data because it provides a specific numerical value that can be measured. Quantitative data involves measurable and numerical information, making it crucial for assessing a patient's condition objectively. Choices A and B are subjective statements based on the patient's perception of pain and its description, which are qualitative data and may vary between individuals. Choice D provides historical information about a fever, which is not a current measurable value and does not constitute quantitative data for immediate assessment.

2. What is the significance of studying pedigrees in human genetics?

• A. Predicting the exact outcome of genetic crosses in humans.
• B. Tracing the inheritance of complex traits with multiple contributing genes.
• C. Identifying carriers of dominant genetic disorders.
• D. Determining the risk of acquiring a specific mutation de novo.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pedigrees are diagrams that show the relationships within a family and can be used to track the inheritance patterns of specific traits or diseases. While pedigrees can provide information on the inheritance of single gene disorders (such as identifying carriers of dominant genetic disorders, as mentioned in option C), their primary significance lies in studying complex traits with multiple contributing genes. These traits do not follow simple Mendelian inheritance patterns and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. By analyzing pedigrees, researchers can identify patterns of inheritance for complex traits, such as polygenic diseases or traits influenced by gene-environment interactions. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate choice as it captures the main significance of studying pedigrees in human genetics.

3. What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

• A. Protein synthesis
• B. DNA replication
• C. Cell division
• D. Lipid synthesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Protein synthesis. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They read the messenger RNA (mRNA) and translate the genetic information into specific proteins. This process is essential for building and maintaining the structures and functions of the cell. Choice B, DNA replication, is incorrect because ribosomes are not involved in replicating DNA; that process occurs in the nucleus. Choice C, cell division, is incorrect as ribosomes are not directly involved in cell division but rather in protein synthesis. Choice D, lipid synthesis, is also incorrect as ribosomes are not responsible for synthesizing lipids, which primarily occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles.

4. Which brain area can lead to difficulty with language and speech if damaged?

• A. Broca's area
• B. Wernicke's area
• C. Occipital lobe
• D. Cerebellum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Damage to Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, can result in difficulties with language and speech production. Broca's area is responsible for speech production and coordinating the muscles involved in speech. Damage to this area can lead to Broca's aphasia, characterized by struggles in forming words and sentences. On the other hand, damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe can cause issues with language comprehension and producing meaningful language, leading to Wernicke's aphasia. The occipital lobe primarily processes visual information, while the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement and balance, not language and speech.

5. What is the process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA, with DNA unwinding and serving as a template while RNA is assembled?

• A. Replication
• B. Transcription
• C. Translation
• D. Duplication

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Transcription. Transcription is the process where RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes RNA, following the base-pairing rules. During transcription, DNA unwinds and serves as a template for the assembly of complementary RNA molecules. Replication (Choice A) is the process of making an identical copy of DNA, not RNA from DNA. Translation (Choice C) is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA. Duplication (Choice D) is a general term and does not specifically refer to the process described in the question.

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