Nursing Elites

1. Which type of symbiosis benefits both organisms from the interaction?

• A. Mutualism
• B. Commensalism
• C. Parasitism
• D. Predation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Mutualism.' Mutualism is a type of symbiosis where both organisms involved benefit from the interaction. This relationship is characterized by cooperation and mutual support, leading to advantages for both parties. In mutualistic relationships, each organism provides something that the other needs, resulting in a mutually beneficial outcome. In contrast, 'Commensalism' (choice B) involves one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected, 'Parasitism' (choice C) benefits one organism at the expense of the other, and 'Predation' (choice D) benefits the predator while harming the prey. Examples of mutualism include the relationship between bees and flowers (pollination) and the partnership between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants.

2. Which organ of the body compensates when a person's intake of vitamins decreases?

• A. Appendix
• B. Liver
• C. Pancreas
• D. Stomach

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The liver is the organ that compensates when a person's intake of vitamins decreases. It stores certain vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12, and releases them when dietary intake decreases. This helps maintain the body's vitamin levels and functions. The other organs listed - Appendix, Pancreas, and Stomach - do not primarily play a role in compensating for a decrease in vitamin intake. The liver is crucial in maintaining vitamin balance, making it the correct choice in this context.

3. Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress?

• A. Insulin
• B. Cortisol
• C. Adrenaline
• D. Glucagon

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Adrenaline is the correct answer. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress to prepare the body for the 'fight or flight' response. Adrenaline increases heart rate, dilates airways, and mobilizes energy stores to help the body deal with the perceived threat. Insulin (Choice A) is produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels, not in response to stress. Cortisol (Choice B) is another hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress, but it primarily helps regulate metabolism and immune response. Glucagon (Choice D) is also produced by the pancreas to increase blood sugar levels when they are low, not by the adrenal glands in response to stress.

4. What information does a genotype provide that a phenotype does not?

• A. The genotype necessarily includes the proteins coded for by its alleles.
• B. The genotype will always display an organism's recessive alleles.
• C. The genotype must include the organism's physical characteristics.
• D. The genotype indicates what an organism's parents looked like.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The genotype provides information about the specific genetic makeup of an organism, including the alleles it possesses for a particular trait. This information is not always directly reflected in the phenotype, which is the observable physical characteristics of an organism. The genotype determines the proteins coded for by its alleles, but the phenotype is the expression of those proteins in the organism's traits. Therefore, the genotype necessarily includes the proteins coded for by its alleles, a detail not provided solely by the phenotype.\nChoice B is incorrect because the genotype may include dominant alleles as well, not just recessive ones. Choice C is incorrect because the genotype refers to genetic information, not physical characteristics. Choice D is incorrect because the genotype does not directly indicate what an organism's parents looked like; it primarily describes the genetic information inherited from parents.

5. What is the involuntary process of emptying the bladder called?

• A. Filtration
• B. Micturition
• C. Reabsorption
• D. Excretion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Micturition, also known as urination or voiding, is the involuntary process of emptying the bladder. During micturition, the bladder muscle contracts, and the sphincter muscles relax, allowing urine to be expelled from the body. Filtration is the process of separating solids from liquids in the body, not related to emptying the bladder. Reabsorption involves absorbing substances back into the bloodstream, not related to emptying the bladder. Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products from the body, not specifically the process of emptying the bladder.

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