Nursing Elites

1. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

• A. Vein
• B. Artery
• C. Capillary
• D. Venule

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Artery. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. Veins, on the other hand, carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues. Venules are small veins that collect blood from capillaries, not from the heart, making them incorrect in this context.

2. What is the primary function of red blood cells?

• A. To transport nutrients
• B. To transport oxygen
• C. To fight infection
• D. To produce antibodies

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To transport oxygen. Red blood cells play a crucial role in carrying oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues and organs in the body. This oxygen transport is essential for cellular respiration, where oxygen is used in the production of energy. Red blood cells do not primarily transport nutrients, fight infection, or produce antibodies. Choice A is incorrect because while red blood cells do carry some nutrients, their primary function is to transport oxygen. Choice C is incorrect because immune cells, not red blood cells, are responsible for fighting infections. Choice D is incorrect as antibody production is mainly carried out by specialized white blood cells, not red blood cells.

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

• A. Detecting touch
• B. Regulating body temperature
• C. Producing insulin
• D. Controlling muscle movement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The nervous system is responsible for detecting touch (option A), regulating body temperature (option B), and controlling muscle movement (option D). Producing insulin (option C) is a function of the endocrine system, which produces hormones like insulin to regulate metabolism and glucose levels. Therefore, option C is the correct answer as it is not a function of the nervous system.

4. What is the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions called?

• A. Cell division
• B. Cell differentiation
• C. Cell growth
• D. Cell regeneration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions. During differentiation, cells acquire specific structures and functions that allow them to carry out particular roles in the body. Cell division refers to the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell growth is the process by which cells increase in size and number. Cell regeneration is the process by which new cells are produced to replace damaged or lost cells in an organism. Therefore, in this context, the process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions is best described as cell differentiation.

5. Which term refers to the condition where a muscle shortens in length while generating force, leading to movement at a joint?

• A. Isometric contraction
• B. Eccentric contraction
• C. Isotonic contraction
• D. Concentric contraction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Concentric contraction refers to the condition where a muscle shortens in length while generating force, leading to movement at a joint. This type of contraction is commonly associated with the lifting phase of an exercise where the muscle is actively shortening against resistance. Isometric contraction (Choice A) involves muscle contraction without a change in muscle length, Eccentric contraction (Choice B) involves the muscle lengthening while generating force, and Isotonic contraction (Choice C) refers to muscle contraction against a constant load with a change in muscle length.

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