Nursing Elites

1. Which term refers to a position farther from the midline of the body? For example, the little toe is lateral to the big toe on the same foot.

• A. Lateral
• B. Medial
• C. Proximal
• D. Distal

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lateral. Lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline of the body. In the example provided, the little toe is indeed lateral to the big toe on the same foot. This is in contrast to 'medial,' which means closer to the midline. 'Proximal' refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body, while 'distal' refers to a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

2. A substance is only considered acidic if it has a pH less than what?

• A. 12
• B. 9
• C. 7
• D. 4

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A substance is considered acidic if its pH is less than 7. pH values below 7 indicate acidity, while pH values above 7 indicate alkalinity or basicity. Substances with a pH less than 7 are categorized as acidic, not above it. Therefore, a substance is classified as acidic if its pH is less than 7, making choice C the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because a pH of 12, 9, and 4, respectively, are all above 7, and therefore not indicative of acidity.

3. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body to respond to stressful situations?

• A. Somatic nervous system
• B. Autonomic nervous system
• C. Peripheral nervous system
• D. Central nervous system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The autonomic nervous system is correctly identified as the division responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, which readies the body to react to stressful situations. This system regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, pupil dilation, and adrenaline release during stress. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and skeletal muscle activity, not the automatic responses seen in the 'fight or flight' reaction. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and limbs, facilitating communication, while the central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord, serves as the primary control center of the body, integrating and processing information.

4. What is hydroxyapatite?

• A. A mixture of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus that strengthen the collagen matrix of bone.
• B. The structural unit of a bone that runs the length of the bone.
• C. The covering of bones at the point of articulation to prevent grinding.
• D. The lightest portion of a long bone and concentrated at the ends.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Hydroxyapatite is a mineral compound composed of calcium and phosphorus that plays a crucial role in strengthening the collagen matrix of bones, contributing to their structural integrity and hardness. It is a key component of bone tissue and provides the mineralization necessary for bone strength and density. Choice B is incorrect because the structural unit of a bone is the osteon or Haversian system, not hydroxyapatite. Choice C is incorrect as it describes cartilage, not hydroxyapatite. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to the epiphysis, which is not synonymous with hydroxyapatite.

5. Which of the following describes the term allele?

• A. A specific form of a gene that can exist at a particular locus
• B. An inheritable variation of a gene
• C. A grouping of various genes
• D. Variations of complementary base pairs

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Alleles are different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus. They represent variations of a gene and are inheritable. Choice A is incorrect as it does not fully capture the concept of an allele, which is a specific form of a gene rather than a substitution. Choice C is incorrect as alleles are not a grouping of various genes but rather different forms of a single gene at a specific locus. Choice D is also incorrect as it does not accurately describe alleles; alleles are variations of genes, not base pairs.

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