Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following nucleic acids carries the genetic information copied from DNA to the ribosomes?

• A. DNA
• B. mRNA
• C. rRNA
• D. tRNA

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: mRNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for carrying the genetic information copied from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. mRNA serves as a temporary copy of the genetic instructions stored in DNA and acts as a messenger between the nucleus and ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. While rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA) play essential roles in the process of translation at the ribosomes, mRNA is the nucleic acid directly involved in carrying the genetic code for protein synthesis. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as DNA is the original genetic material, rRNA is a component of the ribosomes, and tRNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis, respectively.

2. Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Involuntary muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, allowing for conscious movement of the body. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are both types of involuntary muscles that are not under conscious control. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, functioning involuntarily. Cardiac muscle makes up the heart and contracts involuntarily to pump blood. Involuntary muscle (choice D) is a general term that encompasses smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, which operate involuntarily throughout the body.

3. What is the process by which damaged muscle tissue repairs and rebuilds itself?

• A. Degeneration
• B. Regeneration
• C. Hyperplasia
• D. Metaplasia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Regeneration is the correct answer. It is the process by which damaged muscle tissue repairs and rebuilds itself. New muscle cells are formed during regeneration to replace the damaged ones, allowing the muscle to heal and regain its function. Degeneration refers to tissue breakdown, hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, and metaplasia is the transformation of one type of tissue into another.

4. Which muscle is the largest in the human body?

• A. Gluteus maximus (buttocks)
• B. Quadriceps femoris (thighs)
• C. Erector spinae (back)
• D. Pectoralis major (chest)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, the gluteus maximus (buttocks). The gluteus maximus is indeed the largest muscle in the human body, located at the back of the hip and stretching from the sacrum to the femur. This muscle is crucial for hip joint extension, playing a significant role in various activities such as walking, running, and climbing stairs. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. While the quadriceps femoris, erector spinae, and pectoralis major are also important muscles, they are not the largest muscle in the human body.

5. How are the frequency and wavelength of a wave related?

• A. Inversely proportional
• B. Directly proportional
• C. No relationship
• D. Dependent on the medium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is that the frequency and wavelength of a wave are inversely proportional. This relationship is defined by the wave equation: speed = frequency x wavelength. When the frequency of a wave increases, its wavelength decreases, and vice versa. This means that as one quantity increases, the other decreases in a consistent manner, illustrating an inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength. Choice B, 'Directly proportional,' is incorrect because an increase in frequency does not lead to an increase in wavelength; they move in opposite directions. Choice C, 'No relationship,' is incorrect as frequency and wavelength are interconnected as described above. Choice D, 'Dependent on the medium,' is incorrect because the relationship between frequency and wavelength is a fundamental property of waves and is not solely determined by the medium through which the wave propagates.

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