Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following nucleic acids carries amino acids to organelles called ribosomes, where the amino acids are linked one by one to produce a polypeptide?

• A. DNA
• B. mRNA
• C. rRNA
• D. tRNA

Correct answer: D

Rationale: tRNA is the correct answer as it carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA sequence. Once at the ribosome, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain. This process is essential for the creation of proteins in the cell, highlighting the significance of tRNA in the translation process. Choice A, DNA, is incorrect as DNA does not directly participate in protein synthesis. Choice B, mRNA, is incorrect as mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome but does not directly carry amino acids. Choice C, rRNA, is incorrect as ribosomal RNA is a component of the ribosome structure and is involved in protein synthesis but does not carry amino acids like tRNA.

2. What are the components of the female external genitalia and their functions?

• A. Ovaries: internal reproductive organs
• B. Vulva: external structures of the female genitalia
• C. Uterus: internal reproductive organ for fetal development
• D. Vagina: birth canal

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The corrected answer is B: 'Vulva: external structures of the female genitalia.' The vulva includes external structures such as the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. These structures play roles in sexual arousal and protection of the internal genital organs. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they are internal reproductive organs. The ovaries produce eggs, the uterus houses the developing fetus, and the vagina serves as the birth canal. Hence, they are not components of the female external genitalia.

3. Which of the following structures helps filter pathogens from the blood?

• A. Lymph nodes
• B. Kidneys
• C. Spleen
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The spleen is the correct answer. The spleen is a vital organ in the immune system responsible for filtering pathogens from the blood. It contains specialized immune cells that aid in recognizing and eliminating harmful substances. Additionally, the spleen plays a role in recycling old red blood cells. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Lymph nodes primarily filter lymph fluid, not blood. Kidneys are involved in filtering waste and regulating fluid balance, not specifically filtering pathogens from the blood. The pancreas functions in hormone regulation and digestion, unrelated to filtering pathogens from the blood.

4. Which of the following statements regarding macrophages is incorrect?

• A. They are found abundantly in the blood
• B. They are larger than neutrophils
• C. They are long-lived
• D. They are made in the bone marrow as monocytes, called macrophages once they reach organs

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Macrophages are not found abundantly in the blood; they are present in tissues and organs. Macrophages are tissue-resident immune cells that play a key role in immune responses and are derived from monocytes produced in the bone marrow. Choice B is correct as macrophages are larger than neutrophils. Choice C is correct as macrophages are long-lived cells. Choice D is correct as macrophages originate in the bone marrow as monocytes and differentiate into macrophages once they migrate to various tissues and organs.

5. How does the potential energy of an object change when it is compressed?

• A. Potential energy decreases
• B. Potential energy increases
• C. Potential energy remains constant
• D. Potential energy becomes zero

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When an object is compressed, its potential energy increases. This is because work is done on the object to compress it, resulting in an increase in potential energy stored in the object as it is compressed against an opposing force. The potential energy is transformed and stored within the object due to the work done during the compression process, leading to an increase in its potential energy. Choice A is incorrect because compression involves doing work on the object, increasing its potential energy. Choice C is incorrect because compression involves a change in position and potential energy. Choice D is incorrect because compression does not reduce potential energy to zero; rather, it increases it due to the work done in compressing the object.

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