Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following nucleic acids carries amino acids to organelles called ribosomes, where the amino acids are linked one by one to produce a polypeptide?

• A. DNA
• B. mRNA
• C. rRNA
• D. tRNA

Correct answer: D

Rationale: tRNA is the correct answer as it carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA sequence. Once at the ribosome, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain. This process is essential for the creation of proteins in the cell, highlighting the significance of tRNA in the translation process. Choice A, DNA, is incorrect as DNA does not directly participate in protein synthesis. Choice B, mRNA, is incorrect as mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome but does not directly carry amino acids. Choice C, rRNA, is incorrect as ribosomal RNA is a component of the ribosome structure and is involved in protein synthesis but does not carry amino acids like tRNA.

2. Which condition can lead to blood clots and stroke?

• A. Aneurysm
• B. Arrhythmia
• C. Asthma
• D. Hypertension

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Hypertension is the correct answer. Hypertension can cause damage to blood vessels, increasing the risk of blood clots forming, which can potentially lead to a stroke. Aneurysm is a localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that can lead to complications but does not directly cause blood clots and strokes. Arrhythmia refers to irregular heart rhythms and is not directly linked to the formation of blood clots. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition and does not typically lead to blood clots and strokes.

3. What is the name for the sac-shaped structures in which carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange takes place?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Medulla oblongata
• C. Alveoli
• D. Bronchioles

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The alveoli are the tiny sac-shaped structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air we breathe diffuses into the bloodstream through the alveoli, while carbon dioxide, a waste product produced by cells, is removed from the blood and exhaled out of the body through the alveoli. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Kidneys are organs responsible for filtering waste from the blood, the medulla oblongata is a part of the brain responsible for autonomic functions, and bronchioles are smaller airway passages in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi.

4. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement. Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Cardiac muscle
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cardiac muscle is the type of muscle tissue found in the heart. Unlike skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary, meaning it contracts without conscious control. It forms the majority of the heart's structure and is essential for its rhythmic contraction to pump blood throughout the body. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements, while smooth muscle is found in organs and blood vessels, controlling various involuntary functions like digestion and blood flow. Therefore, choices A (Skeletal muscle) and B (Smooth muscle) are incorrect as they are not the types of muscle tissue found in the heart.

5. Which part of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst?

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Thalamus
• D. Medulla oblongata

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the brain that regulates various essential functions to maintain homeostasis. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and plays a key role in the autonomic nervous system. The cerebellum is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance, the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, and the medulla oblongata is responsible for vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not govern the specific functions mentioned in the question.

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