Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?

• A. Made up of cells
• B. Able to reproduce
• C. Require energy
• D. Non-motile

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Made up of cells: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, a fundamental characteristic of life as defined by cell theory. B) Able to reproduce: Reproduction is a key characteristic of living organisms to pass on genetic information. C) Require energy: Energy is essential for carrying out life processes like growth and maintenance of homeostasis. D) Non-motile: While some living organisms are non-motile, movement is common in many organisms for survival activities like finding food, escaping predators, and responding to the environment. Therefore, being non-motile is not a universal characteristic of living organisms, making it the correct answer in this context.

2. Which of the following organs belongs to the digestive system?

• A. Spine
• B. Lungs
• C. Brain
• D. Stomach

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Stomach. The stomach is an organ of the digestive system. Its main function is to break down and digest food, allowing the nutrients to be absorbed into the body. The stomach secretes digestive enzymes and acids to help in the digestion process. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as the spine, lungs, and brain are not part of the digestive system. The spine is part of the skeletal system, the lungs belong to the respiratory system, and the brain is part of the nervous system.

3. Which of the following is NOT a tissue layer found in skeletal bone?

• A. periosteum
• B. bone marrow
• C. enamel
• D. cancellous bone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Enamel is a hard, outer layer that covers the crown of a tooth and is not a tissue layer found in skeletal bone. The other options, periosteum, bone marrow, and cancellous bone, are all tissue layers or components found in skeletal bone. Periosteum is the connective tissue layer covering the bone surface, bone marrow is found within the bone cavities, and cancellous bone is a spongy, porous bone tissue.

4. What is glucagon, where is it produced, and what is its function?

• A. Produced in the liver, releases glucose
• B. Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar
• C. Produced in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar
• D. Produced in the adrenal glands, regulates stress response

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas and functions to raise blood sugar levels. It does so by signaling the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 'Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar.' Choices A, C, and D describe functions or locations of other hormones, not glucagon. Glucagon is specifically released by alpha cells in the pancreas, making option B the correct choice.

5. When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface, like a mirror, the dominant interaction is:

• A. Refraction
• B. Diffraction
• C. Total internal reflection
• D. Specular reflection

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface like a mirror, the dominant interaction is specular reflection. Specular reflection occurs when light rays are reflected off a smooth surface at the same angle as the incident angle, resulting in a clear and sharp reflection. Refraction, which involves the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, is not the dominant interaction with a perfectly smooth surface. Diffraction, the bending of light waves around obstacles, is not the dominant interaction with smooth surfaces. Total internal reflection occurs when light is reflected back into a medium due to encountering a boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, but it is not the dominant interaction on a perfectly smooth surface like a mirror.

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