Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary function of the stomach?

• A. To store food and break it down into smaller pieces
• B. To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
• C. To produce enzymes that assist in digesting food
• D. To eliminate waste products from the body

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The main function of the stomach is to store food, churn it, and break it down into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion. This process is facilitated by the mixing of food with gastric juices, including stomach acid. The mechanical breakdown in the stomach helps initiate the digestion of food before it progresses to the small intestine for further digestion and nutrient absorption. Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream primarily occurs in the small intestine, not the stomach. Enzymes that aid in digesting food are primarily produced in the pancreas and small intestine, not in the stomach. The elimination of waste products from the body mainly occurs through the large intestine and rectum, not the stomach.

2. What is the name of the microscopic filtering unit within the kidney responsible for waste removal and blood volume regulation?

• A. Nephron
• B. Ureteric bud
• C. Renal pyramid
• D. Glomerulus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nephron. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for waste removal and blood volume regulation. It is composed of several structures, including the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. The other options mentioned in the question (ureteric bud, renal pyramid, and glomerulus) are not the correct names for the microscopic filtering unit within the kidney. The glomerulus is a part of the nephron, specifically responsible for ultrafiltration in the initial stage of urine formation.

3. The adrenal glands are part of which system?

• A. Immune system
• B. Endocrine system
• C. Lymphatic system
• D. Respiratory system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Endocrine system. The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system, not the immune, lymphatic, or respiratory system. The endocrine system is responsible for producing and regulating hormones that control various bodily functions. The adrenal glands specifically produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are critical for the body's response to stress and metabolic processes. The immune system is responsible for defending the body against infections and diseases, the lymphatic system is involved in immunity and fluid balance, and the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange in the body. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect in the context of the adrenal glands.

4. Which of the following types of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, including forming an entire organism?

• A. Totipotent stem cells
• B. Multipotent stem cells
• C. Pluripotent stem cells
• D. Hematopoietic stem cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Totipotent stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into any cell type, including forming an entire organism. These cells have the highest potency level and can give rise to both embryonic and extraembryonic cell types, allowing them to develop into a complete organism. Multipotent stem cells (Choice B) can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue or organ. Pluripotent stem cells (Choice C) can differentiate into any cell type in the body except for those needed to support and develop a fetus. Hematopoietic stem cells (Choice D) are a type of multipotent stem cell that can differentiate into various blood cell types.

5. The number of protons in an atom determines its:

• A. Mass number
• B. Atomic number
• C. Atomic weight
• D. Valence electron count

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The number of protons in an atom is known as the atomic number. The atomic number uniquely identifies an element and determines its position on the periodic table. It is a fundamental property of an element and directly influences its chemical behavior and interactions. The mass number, on the other hand, is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, not just protons. Atomic weight is the average mass of an element's isotopes considering their relative abundance, not solely based on the number of protons. Valence electron count refers to the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, influencing its ability to form bonds and participate in chemical reactions, but it is not determined by the number of protons in the atom.

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