Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?

• A. White blood cells
• B. Red blood cells
• C. Platelets
• D. Plasma

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood. Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues throughout the body. White blood cells are involved in the immune system's defense mechanisms against infections, platelets help in blood clotting, and plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances like nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

2. Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary contractions, is striated, and is primarily found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Cardiac muscle
• D. Elastic muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle fits the description provided in the question as it exhibits involuntary contractions, striations, and is predominantly located in the heart. Skeletal muscle, while also striated, is voluntary and not involuntary like cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle lacks striations and is typically found in the walls of internal organs. Elastic muscle is not a recognized type of muscle tissue in human anatomy, making it an incorrect choice.

3. What is the action of the triceps reflex?

• A. Forces contraction of the triceps and extension of the arm.
• B. Forces contraction of the biceps, relaxation of the biceps, and arm extension.
• C. Causes the triceps to contract, causing the forearm to supinate and flex.
• D. Causes the triceps to relax and the upper arm to pronate and extend.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The triceps reflex causes the triceps muscle to contract, leading to the extension of the arm. This reflex is a protective response to sudden stretching of the triceps muscle, as seen when a physician taps the triceps tendon during a physical examination. Choice A is the correct answer as it accurately reflects the action of the triceps reflex. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe actions that are not associated with the triceps reflex. Biceps contraction, forearm supination, flexion, triceps relaxation, and pronation are not part of the triceps reflex arc.

4. In which type of cell would you expect to find a high concentration of lysosomes?

• A. Cardiac cells
• B. Glandular cells
• C. Immune cells
• D. Neurons

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Immune cells. Immune cells, such as macrophages, contain many lysosomes for breaking down pathogens. Lysosomes are organelles responsible for digestion and waste removal within the cell, and immune cells require a high concentration of lysosomes to aid in their defense mechanisms against pathogens. Choice A, Cardiac cells, is incorrect because lysosomes are not primarily abundant in cardiac cells. Choice B, Glandular cells, is incorrect as well since lysosomes are not specifically concentrated in glandular cells. Choice D, Neurons, is also incorrect because while lysosomes are present in neurons, they are not typically found in high concentrations compared to immune cells.

5. What is the name of a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues?

• A. Allergy
• B. Autoimmune disease
• C. Immunodeficiency
• D. Sepsis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks healthy body tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. This results in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and type 1 diabetes. Allergies, on the other hand, involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances like pollen or certain foods. Immunodeficiency refers to a weakened immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Sepsis is a severe systemic response to an infection, leading to organ dysfunction and potentially life-threatening complications.

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