Nursing Elites

1. What effect does a catalyst have on a chemical reaction?

• A. It speeds up the reaction.
• B. It slows down the reaction.
• C. It makes a reaction go in reverse.
• D. It prevents a reaction from taking place.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It works by providing an alternate pathway for the reaction to occur, lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed. As a result, more reactant molecules can overcome this energy barrier and participate in the reaction, leading to a faster overall reaction rate. This explanation contradicts choices B, C, and D as a catalyst does not slow down, reverse, or prevent a reaction; instead, it accelerates the reaction by facilitating a more efficient route for the reaction to take place. Therefore, the correct answer is that a catalyst speeds up the reaction.

2. What is bile, where is it produced, where is it stored, and what is its function?

• A. Produced in the pancreas, stored in the liver, aids in digestion
• B. Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, aids in fat digestion
• C. Produced in the stomach, stored in the pancreas, neutralizes acid
• D. Produced in the gallbladder, stored in the liver, breaks down proteins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Bile is a digestive fluid produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and it aids in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them. Emulsification helps to break down fats into smaller particles, facilitating their digestion by enzymes in the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect because bile is not produced in the pancreas, and it is not stored in the liver. Choice C is incorrect as bile is not produced in the stomach, and it does not neutralize acid. Choice D is also incorrect as bile is not produced in the gallbladder, and its primary function is not to break down proteins.

3. What do lacteals absorb in the small intestine?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Lipids
• C. Proteins
• D. Nonpolar nutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lacteals are lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that specialize in absorbing dietary lipids. These lipids are then transported into the lymphatic system for further processing and distribution throughout the body. Choice A (Carbohydrates) is incorrect because carbohydrates are primarily digested and absorbed in the small intestine by enzymes and transported to the liver. Choice C (Proteins) is incorrect because proteins are broken down into amino acids and absorbed in the small intestine, mainly by the villi. Choice D (Nonpolar nutrients) is incorrect as it is a vague term and not specific to what lacteals absorb, which are primarily lipids.

4. The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research project launched in 1990 to map the entire human genome. Although the Project was faced with the monumental challenge of analyzing tons of data, its objective was completed in 2003, two years ahead of its deadline. Which of the following inventions likely had the greatest impact on this project?

• A. The sonogram
• B. X-ray diffraction
• C. The microprocessor
• D. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The microprocessor, a key component of modern computers, played a crucial role in the success of the Human Genome Project. The ability of microprocessors to process vast amounts of data quickly and efficiently allowed scientists to analyze the massive amounts of genetic information generated by the project. This technological advancement significantly accelerated the pace of genome sequencing and data analysis, ultimately leading to the completion of the project ahead of schedule. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The sonogram is used for imaging in medical diagnostics, X-ray diffraction is a technique for studying the structure of materials at the atomic level, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body. While these inventions have their own importance in various fields, they did not have the same impact on the Human Genome Project as the microprocessor did.

5. How does the potential energy of an object change when it is compressed?

• A. Potential energy decreases
• B. Potential energy increases
• C. Potential energy remains constant
• D. Potential energy becomes zero

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When an object is compressed, its potential energy increases. This is because work is done on the object to compress it, resulting in an increase in potential energy stored in the object as it is compressed against an opposing force. The potential energy is transformed and stored within the object due to the work done during the compression process, leading to an increase in its potential energy. Choice A is incorrect because compression involves doing work on the object, increasing its potential energy. Choice C is incorrect because compression involves a change in position and potential energy. Choice D is incorrect because compression does not reduce potential energy to zero; rather, it increases it due to the work done in compressing the object.

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